A quantum computer's biggest problem may have been solved.

   A quantum computer's biggest problem may have been solved. 

"Illustration of a new strategy to create materials with robust quantum properties, by harnessing magnetic interactions (represented by the red and blue arrows). The small green spheres represent sites where electrons can reside and move along the chain. Special magnetic atoms (purple spheres with arrows) interact with the electrons at certain sites, shown by the blueish clouds. These interactions create protected edge states (green cloud) that could help make quantum computers more stable and less sensitive to noise. Credit: Jose L. Lado" (ScitechDaily, Scientists May Have Just Cracked Quantum Computing’s Biggest Problem)

The biggest problem is how to adjust energy levels in quantum entanglement. The transmitting-side particle's energy level must be higher. Than the energy level in the receiving particles. When those particles in superposition and entanglement reach the same energy level, they form a standing wave and destroy the quantum entanglement. Swedish and Finnish researchers noticed that a magnetic field can adjust energy levels. In the superpositioned and entangled particles. When the system creates a quantum entanglement, it pumps energy to another transmitting particle. That energy forms an electromagnetic shadow or tube between the transmitting and receiving particles. 

That tube pulls the quantum field of the transmitting particle to the receiving particle. And then the quantum bridge or quantum string starts to travel in that tube. Normally system makes superpositions between photons. Things like electrons are very sensitive to magnetic fields. Atoms are too complicated things to have superposition and entanglement. The system can make multiple quantum strings. Because every quantum state. At superpositioned and entangled particle pairs. Makes a single quantum string, or quantum bridge. Each of those strings has two positions that are 0 and 1. 

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So, basically, the room-temperature quantum computer requires only a large number of light cables. That system mimics human neurons. In human neurons, protein bunches or protein strings act.  In a similar way to how the quantum string acts in superpositioned and entangled particle pairs. That makes neurons act like quantum processors. 

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For making that superposition and entanglement, the transmitting and receiving particles must reach the same oscillation sequence. That thing allows the quantum bridge to form in that quantum tube. Information travels in those quantum bridges or quantum strings in the form of a wave. That raises a question: can information travel faster than light in quantum entanglement? 

The answer is that. The wave can travel at a speed. That's the same as the speed of light in that quantum tube. If there is another wave forming ahead of the wave that transports information, that can destroy the quantum bridge. The wave that forms in front of the information carrier causes destruction. Basically, information can travel in quantum entanglement faster than light travels outside the quantum tube. Or theoretically, if somebody can create a straight wave and push that wave back and forth, that makes those things transmit information faster than light transports it. 

The straight wave acts like a stick that moves back and forth. So those systems can transmit data from Alpha Centauri faster than radio waves. But they are useful only for long distances. If they are possible someday in the future. 

Another thing that researchers must remove is the quantum noise. When energy travels in a system, it jumps between particles. And other actors. Causing echoes and wave movement that is hard to predict. The energy impulses that travel between particles destroy the system. The problem is that in quantum systems is impossible to aim energy flows completely to other particles without causing overflow. That overflow is the wave movement that forms entropy, which destroys the system. 

Another thing is that the waves from receiving and transmitting particles. That acts like sound waves destroy the quantum bridge. That transports information. Or they make the quantum tube leak. That also destroys information. The problem is that those quantum entanglements are made. Using very low-energy level photons or some other particles. When a particle’s temperature is very low, it makes energy travel to it. 

That makes the weak skyrmion around the particle. And that thing causes a standing wave. When a quantum string transports information, it also transmits energy to that skyrmion. And sooner or later, the energy level in the skyrmion and particle will rise so high that the standing wave between those particles destroys that quantum entanglement. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-may-have-just-cracked-quantum-computings-biggest-problem/

Time crystals and quantum hyperentanglement are new holy grails in quantum technology.

"The latest time crystal innovation may expand the known boundaries of quantum mechanics. (Image credit: WashU)" (LiveScience, Scientists unveil new type of 'time crystal' that defies our traditional understanding of time and motion)

"In condensed matter physics, a time crystal is a quantum system of particles whose lowest-energy state is one in which the particles are in repetitive motion. The system cannot lose energy to the environment and come to rest because it is already in its quantum ground state." (Wikipedia, Time crystal)

The new time crystals where atoms wobble back and forth. Can make it possible to create a reversible computing model for quantum computers. 

The idea is that when quantum entanglements transport information forward on the other side of the time crystals another line of those atoms transports information back. And that helps the quantum computer handle and detect errors in quantum data flow. 

As we know quantum entanglement can remain only if another particle is in a lower energy level. If those particles turn into the same energy level they form a standing wave between them. That destroys the entanglement. The answer to that problem can be to put those particles in the wheel that rotates around its axle. 

"An illustration of two atoms entangled across a great distance. (Image credit: VICTOR de SCHWANBERG/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY via Getty Images) LiveScience, Physicists force atoms into state of quantum 'hyper-entanglement' using tweezers made of laser light)

When the laser system sends radiation to the dominant particle, that energy transports information into a recessive particle, causing the recessive particle's energy level to rise. The wheel allows the switching of roles between those particles and helps to keep the system's energy under control. 

If the quantum entanglement is made in two stages, first the system puts atoms in the quantum hyperentanglement. Then two particles will be put in quantum entanglement between those atoms. That allows the use of the atom of the recessive side of the superposition and quantum entanglement. As the thermal pump. 

That pulls energy out from the recessive particle in the quantum entanglement. The system can use laser beams or electron rows that transport energy out from the recessive side's atom. And that atom pulls energy out from the receiving, or recessive side of the quantum entanglement. 

Quantum hyperentanglement between atoms is the new "holy grail" for quantum research. There are two ways to put atoms in quantum hyperentanglement. The first is to split the atom into two parts. And then put those parts to oscillate at the same frequency. That synchronization can happen before the system splits the atom. 

The other, and maybe. Easier way is introduced in the Live Science web magazine. Researchers used optical tweezers to put those atoms into superposition and entanglement.  Those superpositioned and entangled atoms can form the quantum channel where they can send information. 

Or that the quantum channel can also protect another quantum entanglement that is made between those atoms. This kind of quantum hyperentanglement is the thing that can revolutionize quantum technology. It can be used to make the channel where the qubits can travel. The quantum teleportation requires that the qubit can travel in the channel without touching its wall. If that qubit touches something, it destroys information inside it. 

The quantum channel can also turn antimatter rockets and antimatter weapon systems into reality. The system's idea is that the antimatter beam hits the material, and that can release lots of energy. But the problem is how to control antimatter. And technology. That is made to transmit qubits over distances and can solve that problem. 

The same thing is needed in weaponized antimatter systems and in antimatter engine applications. Antimatter is the most powerful thing in the universe. Quantum channels make it possible to transport antimatter particles like positrons and antiprotons over a long distance. When those particles hit the target they form the annihilation that turns both particles into energy. That releases a lot of energy. And it turns the antimatter weapons one step into reality. The antimatter ion cannon can destroy entire planets. And it can also make the antimatter rockets closer to reality. 

https://www.livescience.com/physics-mathematics/particle-physics/physicists-force-atoms-into-state-of-quantum-hyper-entanglement-using-tweezers-made-of-laser-light

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_crystal

The new observation makes it possible. That system can create Schrödinger's cat state in optical pulses.

 The new observation makes it possible. That system can create Schrödinger's cat state in optical pulses. 

The ability to make Schrödinger's cat state to optical pulses is one of the most incredible observations in the world. That thing can revolutionize communication and computing. In experiments, the researchers from Warzaw University used the Fourier transform to create a new type of optical pulse. Wikipedia describes the Fourier transform like this "In physics and mathematics, the Fourier transform (FT) is a transform that converts a function into a form that describes the frequencies present in the original function". (Wikipedia, Fourier transform). 

That transform means that it's possible to calculate the form of original information after it travels through the environment which variables the system knows. The idea is this: if the transmitter sends information as wave movement. And that wave movement is turned flat or its frequency is changed. The Fourier transform makes it possible to calculate the original form of that wave. 

That requires knowledge about the wave movement's original energy level and complete information on how the transformer transformed those waves. That allows to creation of a new state of optics. And the AI can calculate how lenses change the light waves. 

In information theories, Schrödinger's cat, which is same time dead and alive means the information transporter. (Wikipedia, Schrödinger's cat) When a cat is dead, it doesn't carry information. When a cat is alive it carries the information. 

"Researchers have developed a groundbreaking method to perform the fractional Fourier Transform of optical pulses using quantum memory. This unique achievement involved implementing the transformation on a “Schrödinger’s cat” state, having potential applications in telecommunications and spectroscopy." (ScitechDaily.com/Groundbreaking Quantum Leap: Physicists Turn Schrödinger’s Cat on Its Head)

If a cat carries hidden information, it can be at the same time dead or alive. 

If there is a USB stick hidden in the collar the person who hides that USB stick knows that the cat carries information. But other persons or outsiders don't know that cat carries information. So dead cat means that something is meaningless. And a living cat means that the thing means something to somebody. 

Schrödinger's cat means that the same thing can mean something to somebody. And for some other people, the same thing means nothing. In communication, the radio wave can carry purpose signals. That makes them interesting. Or those signals do not carry interesting data. And that makes them dead. 

The Scrödinger's cat is the thing that is dead and alive at the same time. We can describe Schrödinger's cat in information as the transmission that means something to somebody, but what doesn't mean anything to somebody else. So in information technology, Schrödinger's cat state means, that the eavesdropper will not recognize messages when they travel in the data channel. 

And if the transmitter system sends information through the high-voltage wire, that wire is a dead cat. The outsiders will not recognize data that travels in that cable. But the system that communicates by using high-voltage wire knows that there is information. 

https://scitechdaily.com/groundbreaking-quantum-leap-physicists-turn-schrodingers-cat-on-its-head/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat

The neutrinos are bringing greetings from the distant galaxy.

Messier-77 ((ScitechDaily.com/First Glimpse Into the Inner Depths of an Active Galaxy Provided by Ghostly Neutrino Particles)

"Messier 77 and Cetus in the sky. Credit: Jack Parin, IceCube/NSF; NASA/ESA/A. van der Hoeven (insert)" (ScitechDaily.com/First Glimpse Into the Inner Depths of an Active Galaxy Provided by Ghostly Neutrino Particles)

Neutrinos captured by the Ice Cube sensor bring information from the galaxy NGC-1068 or Messier-77. The eruption inside that distant galaxy sent are impacting particles in the Ice Cube sensor, and they can give information about the distant galaxy. 

Neutrino is an interesting particle. That small lepton particle is hard to make react with other particles. And the impact of the quark is one of the things that give information about that mysterious particle. Another way is to observe Cherenkov radiation. That is released when the speed of the neutrino decreases in the water tank. 

Only precise impact with quarks or leptons like electrons stops the journey of that particle. But if neutrino will not impact with quark or lepton, it can travel through Earth. Neutrinos are forming also in the Sun and nuclear reactors. 

But the weak interaction between neutrinos and other particles makes it hard to detect those impacts. Or otherwise, it's hard to separate neutrino impacts from other similar impacts. That is happening because of some more well-known particles. 

"When a neutrino interacts with molecules in the clear Antarctic ice, it produces secondary particles that leave a trace of blue light as they travel through the IceCube detector. Credit: Nicolle R. Fuller, IceCube/NSF" (ScitechDaily.com/First Glimpse Into the Inner Depths of an Active Galaxy Provided by Ghostly Neutrino Particles)

The thing that makes neutrinos interesting is their ability to travel through the material. Some researchers believe that neutrinos are somehow bipolar particles whose energy level is very high. And when that particle impacts with a proton or neutron. 

It will push quarks away from their route. So the thing that causes the weak interaction would be the high-speed spin. And in that model neutrino acts like some small neutron star. The neutrino would have an energy pike in its poles. And that thing causes that neutrino can push quarks away from its route. 

And that causes the question are quarks also polar particles? And is neutrino a so-called chameleon particle? In that case, the chameleon particle means a particle that has two forms. That means neutrinos can be same time lepton and fermion. So an interesting question is could some quark be neutrino? In other words, when quarks come out from a proton or neutron, it would turn into the neutrino.

IceCube Detector Schematic

"IceCube detector schematic showing the layout of the strings across the ice cap at the South Pole, and the active detection array of light sensors filling a cubic kilometer volume of deep ice". (ScitechDaily.com/First Glimpse Into the Inner Depths of an Active Galaxy Provided by Ghostly Neutrino Particles)

A neutrino can be a tool for long-distance quantum communication. 

The idea of quantum communication is simple. There is needed three systems that have different energy levels. The idea is that the information must travel from the system that sends it to the receiving system. If researchers can make that system that makes long-distance quantum communication possible. And maybe IceCube is the base for that technology. 

1) The system that forms the long-distance qubit. That system has the highest energy level. 

2)Transporter particle. The energy level of that particle must be higher than receiving particle. 

3) The receiving system that energy level is lowest in that system. 

So the information should travel in that system in the next order. 

1 (Sender)>>>2(Transporter)>>>3(Receiver). And information always travels from a higher- to a lower energy level. That is the order of the energy levels in quantum information systems. 

If the system uses neutrinos as information transporter. The system can load information into the neutrino system by using radiation that is created by stressing other neutrinos. But the problem is how to stop neutrinos in the systems making neutrino beams. 

The idea of neutrino beams is similar to neutron radiation. When energy stress impacts neutrinos. It loads energy into them. And when energy stress ends neutrinos are sending wave motion. The same effect where electromagnetic radiation stress neutrons make neutron bombs possible. 

The neutrino is an interesting particle because weak interaction makes it the perfect particle for long-range quantum data transport. If there is a safe way to create neutrinos. And that particle can be superpositioned and entangled it can form a new platform for long-distance quantum communication. 

The neutrino could be the perfect thing for the superposition and quantum entanglement that makes quantum teleportation possible. At first, the data will be driven to another neutrino by using quantum entanglement. Then the other neutrino will shoot to its journey. And then the receiver will capture it. The weak interaction causes the information that the system stores in neutrino will stay in its form. 

https://scitechdaily.com/first-glimpse-into-the-inner-depths-of-an-active-galaxy-provided-by-ghostly-neutrino-particles/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceCube_Neutrino_Observatory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_General_Catalogue

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

The new resonating metasurfaces are offering new solutions for quantum research.

The image above shows how resonating metasurface created by Max Planck Institute creates photon pairs and puts them to quantum entanglement. That metasurface makes it possible to create quantum systems that are oscillating with different wavelengths. The ability to create quantum entanglements in multiple different wavelengths will boost the R&D of quantum computers. 

And it can also use for developing lattice-based cryptography for the next generation of data security. The idea in lattice-based cryptography is that each quantum state in a quantum computer is protected by using separate and independent encryption algorithms and protocols. 

In that model, every single wavelength of the quantum computer is an independent lattice. And that thing makes it possible to create an extremely high-secured data transportation system. 

Every single quantum state or layer in qubit can be encrypted separately. And that makes that system very secure. Also, data can travel in hollow laser rays in the form of qubits. So that makes it hard to detect the qubit that will not touch the laser ray. 

The next-generation quantum algorithms,  used for securing data against quantum-computer-based attacks are hybrid systems. They are using multi-level encryption. And the lattice-based system is always secured. Even if one of those lattices is broken the attacker will not get the entire data. The system shares data with multiple lattices. 

Every lattice will be encrypted independently. They can use separate algorithms. And that thing minimizes damages in the case of a cyber-attack. 

https://scitechdaily.com/resonant-metasurfaces-offer-exiciting-new-possibilities-for-quantum-research/

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

Quantum mechanics and artificial intelligence are used to model high-temperature chemical reactions.

  

 Quantum mechanics and artificial intelligence are used to model high-temperature chemical reactions. 

"Schematic of the bridging of the cold quantum world. And high-temperature metal extraction with machine learning". Credit: Rodrigo Ortiz de la Morena and Jose A. Garrido Torres/Columbia Engineering(SciTechDaily)

The chemical reactions are similar to the reactions in the quantum world. But the scale of those reactions is larger. And artificial intelligence can use to model reactions between high-temperature and low-temperature objects. Also, artificial intelligence can use to model how the reactions in the quantum world affect molecules? 

There are certain rules on how chemical bonds form or how they cut. When we are thinking about chemical bonds. They are like small-size feet or hands. That are connecting atoms. In the world of chemicals, everything has some kind of effect on the reaction. When the energy level of the components of the chemical reactions is chanced. 

That thing causes changes in the speed of reaction. By stressing chemicals with high accurate energy bursts like laser rays are possible to warm the molecules precisely to the right temperature. Also, the things like cooling other participate and warming others make it possible to adjust the dominating part of the reaction. 

There is possible to spray electrons or protons between molecules. And that is making it possible to adjust their ability to touch each other. If there is iron or some other magnetic chemical in the chemical compound. That thing means that magnetic fields affect those chemicals. 

The laser rays can be used to move single molecules and connect them to macro-molecules like fullerene chains. In those chains maybe 100 C-60 fullerene molecules are put to chains. And that thing forms the C-6000 molecule. The laser ray and ultrasound tweezers can use to put the single fullerene molecule to an extremely complicated structure. 

The fullerene molecule is acting the same way as a single carbon atom. And that thing makes it possible to connect them to similar but larger structures with single carbon atoms. So there is the possibility to make the carbon molecule structures there are thousands or even millions of carbon atoms. 

And basically, the chemical reactions are forming or cutting the bonds. And reconnect those bonds with other atoms. So the machine learning can collect data about the chemical and physical environment where some chemical reactions are created. And then those conditions can multiply with other reaction chambers. The thing is that many elements are affecting chemical reactions. 

Of course, catalyzation or inhibiting reactions. By using some other chemicals are an important thing. Things like protective gases like noble-gas layers. Or extremely high accurately calculated gas mixtures. Are things that make it possible to create a new types of chemical compounds, like complicated carbon structures that are needed for nanomachines. 

But also the physical conditions like radiation affect chemical reactions. The ionization, thermal or ionizing radiation have effects on chemical reactions. As well as things like does the reaction chamber moving which means that is connected to centrifuges. Or does the reaction happen in micro gravitation? Also, things like sunlight and magnetic fields affect chemical reactions. 

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-mechanics-and-machine-learning-used-to-accurately-predict-chemical-reactions-at-high-temperatures/

Image: https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-mechanics-and-machine-learning-used-to-accurately-predict-chemical-reactions-at-high-temperatures/

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