Showing posts with label anions. Show all posts
Showing posts with label anions. Show all posts

Sunday, April 20, 2025

Researchers found the universe's missing material.


"An artist's impression of the Milky Way's hydrogen halo, with the Magellanic Clouds at eight o'clock. (NASA/CXC/M.Weiss; NASA/CXC/Ohio State/A. Gupta et al) (ScienceAlert, Half The Universe's Matter Was Missing. Astronomers Just Found It.)

"A new analysis of the sky has finally confirmed where the missing half of the Universe's visible matter has been hiding." (ScienceAlert, Half The Universe's Matter Was Missing. Astronomers Just Found It.)

"In the space around galaxies, it lurks as huge, invisible clouds of ionized hydrogen. Normally, this would be impossible to see – but a large international team of astronomers and astrophysicists has developed a technique that reveals its hiding places, out there in the darkness amidst the stars." (ScienceAlert, Half The Universe's Matter Was Missing. Astronomers Just Found It.)

The galaxy's hydrogen halo can be far bigger than the galaxy itself. There is lots of material in it. 

Half of the universe's material is somewhere, and now researchers found it. That matter is ionized hydrogen around galaxies. The ionized hydrogen around galaxies can be ionic. Or in some cases an anion type. As we know. That the hydrogen ion is a proton. That lost its electron. Radiation from galaxies can shoot electrons away from a proton's orbiter. 

There is also the possibility that radiation can push the proton and increase its energy level. That makes it possible that two (or maybe more)electrons can orbit the proton. The ion where atoms lose one or more electrons is a more common form than the anion. 

The matter around galaxies can hide because the shine of galaxies and quasars is so bright. The radiation that comes from galaxies and quasars reflects from those protons. In normal cases, the radiation reflects from the atom. That is far larger than a proton. 

When the particle receives radiation, its energy level rises until it turns higher than its environment. In that case, energy starts to flow away from the proton. The proton sends radiation in a wavelength that is the same as its size. Same way. Protonic radiation is the reflection radiation. Neutron radiation is radiation that comes or reflects from neutrons. In neutron bombs small hydrogen bomb sends radiation into neutrons. 

Then that radiation reflects out from the neutron. That forms very shortwave and penetrating radiation. The same thing happens to protons that receive radiation from galaxies. Proton takes radiation into its quantum field. When the proton's energy level rises higher level than incoming radiation it sends that radiation as a reflection. 

It's possible that. In some cases radiation. That the proton reflects can travel past the particle. In some very extreme models the weakly interacting massive particle, WIMP is so small particle. Or its shape is so different that radiation slides over it without affecting its quantum field. Or maybe the quantum field that surrounds the WIMP will not send so strong reflection that astronomers can separate the reflection from the background. 

The proton sends radiation whose wavelength is shorter than the hydrogen. This makes that reflection radiation harder to see than the reflection that comes from hydrogen. 

When we think about the black hole's interactions between material the material that is locked to the point of the event horizon transports energy out from the black hole. When a black hole's spin accelerates it pulls energy inside it. The black hole ties energy from around it and then transforms it into kinetic energy. 

When a black hole's spin speed decreases that means the black hole releases its energy. The black hole's spin speed cannot change. 

If it cannot release or bind energy inside it. When a black hole releases its energy. That slows its speed. 

There is also the possibility that sometimes a black hole that pulls material inside it loses its contact with quantum fields and its material disk. In that case, the black hole sends gravitational waves and probably Hawking radiation. In the real universe, some particles might have a higher energy state than others. 


https://www.sciencealert.com/half-the-universes-matter-was-missing-astronomers-just-found-it

Sunday, September 18, 2022

The major problem with fusion experiments is, how to make plasma stay in its form.



The problem with fusion reaction is that the high-energy plasma will not keep its form. So when the energy pump to fusion ends the energy that comes inside will break the plasma. So what if the opposite polar particles will shoot at that plasma ball? 

That thing makes it possible that the fusion reaction begins from the plasma ball's core. The shockwave would travel inside that plasma ball. In regular cases, fusion starts from the middle of the fusion material. And that shockwave destroys the plasma ball. 


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The "cannon device" ion-anion collider where opposite polar particles will shoot against each other could be suitable for some kind of fusion system. 

In some cases, researchers introduced to use of some kind of "cannon device" for solving problems of the fusion reactor. This kind of cannon device is quite a simple system. 

Two linear particle accelerators are shooting opposite polar particles against each other. That thing will collide with anions and ions together. And that kind of system is easier to create than Tokamak-type reactors. 

The system could use lithium ions and chloride anions. But the problem is that the system must create enough energy for a self-sustaining fusion reaction. Otherwise, an ion-anion collider would be suitable for the fusion system. 


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So, when the electromagnetic radiation starts to grow temperature of the plasma causes a situation where the plasma particles start to repel each other. When the fusion ignition happens the energy that fusion forms break the plasma structure. 

In the case where fusion ignites the fusion material makes flash. It sends electromagnetic radiation around it. And that causes the electromagnetic vacuum, which pulls particles away from the plasma ball. In that case, electromagnetic overpressure breaks the structure. 

The plasma that is used in fusion experiments is monopolar. This means the electromagnetic force will push those particles away from each other. And the magnetic field that has the same polarity must push that plasma in one entirety. When the fusion ignites the energy level of the magnetic field that presses the particles must be higher than plasma. That helps to keep plasma in its form. 

The problem is that the fusion starts in the middle of the plasma.  where it starts the shockwave through that material. If the fusion can begin in the core of the plasma ball the impact wave would travel inside it. 

So the answer to the problems of the fusion could be that the opposite polar particles would shoot at that plasma ball. That can begin the fusion reaction at the core of the plasma ball. 

In that case, the magnets should press that plasma harder than the energy that forms in fusion pushes particles. If that thing is done there is the possibility to create a self-sustaining fusion reaction. 


Image and sources: 

https://scitechdaily.com/mit-contributes-to-success-of-historic-fusion-ignition-experiment/


https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/


Gluons and the strong nuclear interaction.

When we think about energy flow from the strongest to the weakest. Free energy. That causes an atom’s decay. It is formed. Or. Released in t...