"A star’s collapse into a black hole might create a neutron-rich jet powerful enough to forge the universe’s heaviest elements—no neutron star collision required. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Forged in Fire: How Gamma-Ray Bursts Could Create the Universe’s Heaviest Elements)
The star's collapse into a black hole can create a neutron-rich jet that forms the heaviest elements in the universe. The idea of that model is the collapsing star leaves neutrons behind it while that even happens. A star collapses into a black hole, which happens in stages. There are white dwarf- and neutron star stages but they exist maybe less than one billionth of a second.
There can be the stage that we call a quark star. The existence of quark stars is hypothetical. And maybe those stars that form only free quarks can exist only the billionth of parts of seconds. That means quark stars are not stable things. Maybe those things exist only in a very short moment. When a star collapses into a black hole. The quarks can collapse into one entirety.
Neutrons can resist for a short moment the final collapse black holes form when a neutron star turns denser, which means the event horizon forms in the neutron star. The most out layer of the neutron star leaves outside the event horizon. If the star is near the border that its collapse forms a heavy neutron star or lightweight black hole it's possible.
The relativistic jets of black holes push those neutrons away, that jet that forms when material falls into the black hole pushes those neutrons that remain free near the spin axle. In some other models, the collapsing neutron star pulls an energy field in it. It's possible that when a star collapses just forming singularity will be separated from quantum fields and material that falls in the black hole. In that moment the star sends its final energy burst.
When we think about models of stages that happen during the star collapse there is the possibility that the magnetic field falls into the black hole. During that process, the magnetic field turns denser and it travels through the particle cloud that the falling star leaves behind it. Supernova explosions are the most violent events in the universe.
"A high-energy photonic jet (white and blue) blasts through a collapsar with a black hole at its center. The red space around the jet represents the cocoon where free neutrons may be captured causing the r process, the nucleosynthesis that results in the formation of heavy elements. Credit: Los Alamos National Laboratory" (ScitechDaily, Forged in Fire: How Gamma-Ray Bursts Could Create the Universe’s Heaviest Elements)
Those events form shockwaves and false vacuums. When the last energy eruption happens the star turns into the molecular cloud and white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole. The result of the explosion depends on the star's mass. When the supernova explosion happens the star remnant is in the absolute vacuum for a short time. Then outside material and energy start to fill that bubble. Those upcoming fields press particles into one point. There are always stages when things like neutrons can resist gravity.
When we think of things like magnetars are lightweight neutron stars and neutron star's magnetic fields interact when their mass grows. Neutron star's magnetic fields turn weaker when their mass grows. For formation, the magnetic field requires that the neutron star's nucleus rotates different speed than its shell. When a neutron star's mass turns so heavy that it loses its magnetic field and its core rotates with the same speed as its shell.
It's possible that the neutron star simply collapses. Does the neutron star really collapse into a black hole? That depends on the rotation speed where centripetal force keeps the shell out from neutron star's core. The outgoing energy should resist the gravity field. When a neutron star's structure's spin slows they send energy out from them. That energy keeps the neutron star's shell and core out from each other.
If the neutron star's internal structure rotates at a different speed than an outer shell it forms an impacting or standing wave in the "neutron liquid", or "fermi liquid" which is "liquid" but very dense and heavy material. That wave can resist the gravity field. Maybe there are many layers in neutron stars. That rotates at different speeds. The neutrons at its shell rotate in opposite directions than the entirety. There are also protons in neutron stars' outer crust.
"Cross-section of neutron star. Densities are in terms of ρ0 the saturation nuclear matter density, where nucleons begin to touch." (Wikipedia, Neutron star)
Those things act like little rolls or balls. And they harness energy from inside their structure. The shape depends on gravity's ability to pull those three quarks of neutron into a straight line. Another thing is that sometimes neutrons decay also in neutron stars. That forms a hole in the neutron structure.
When a neutron star's nucleus rotates with the same speed as the neutron star's core the neutron star's nature changes. There are no standing waves between the neutron star's core and its shell. Energy travels out from the neutron stars. But the particle that sends that energy- or wave movement is so small that lots of that energy travels straight through even neutrons. Neutron stars will not collapse into a black hole.
That energy interaction. Has complicated component interactions with radiation that neutron star sends. The fusion reaction happens on the neutron star's shell. And that The neutron star's electromagnetic field keeps it in its form. The outcoming particles cause nuclear reactions in the neutron star's core. In nuclear reactions, a neutron star's shell pushes energy into the neutron star.
That energy pushes neutron stars into denser form. With the gravity. That energy pushes neutron stars into black holes. The energy that comes from a neutron star's shell impacts its core and jumps back. Things that resist the neutron star's turn into black holes are centripetal force and the energy that comes from the neutron star's nucleus. Those forces are the internal magnetic field and energy reflection from the neutron star's shell.
When a neutron star's core's speed is the same as its nucleus the EM radiation that we see as magnetic or electric fields turns weaker. Then gravitation. And outcoming energy will press the neutron star into the black hole. That reaction can happen if the neutron starts going into too dense material cloud. If fusion on its shell turns into too high power that presses the neutron star into a black hole.
https://scitechdaily.com/forged-in-fire-how-gamma-ray-bursts-could-create-the-universes-heaviest-elements/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_star
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_star
