There are many other things. Then just gravity that affects the universe.

“Dark energy may be changing with time—reshaping the story of the Universe itself. Credit: SciTechDaily.com. New research suggests that dark energy, the mysterious force driving the Universe’s accelerating expansion, might not be constant after all.” (ScitechDaily, Supercomputer Simulations Reveal a Shifting Dark Energy)

Dark energy is shifting. And the reason for that can be in the universe’s expansion. When the universe expands, particles release more energy. At the same time. When that energy is released. The distance. Between objects grows. And that weakens the gravitational effect. This is one thing that can explain why the universe seems to expand faster and sometimes slower than it should. But the problem is this. Things like redshift depend on gravitation. This means the distant supermassive black holes stretch light. And that turns the light. Wavelength longer. This is one of the reasons why distant “little red dots” seem red. But another thing is that. Also, things like our galaxy itself stretch the light. 

But how much gravity stretches light and time? Time moves faster on Mars than on Earth. Earth's gravity can cause measurable time dilation. Mars is heavier than the Moon. The time moves 56 microseconds faster on the Moon than on Mars. Clock is ticking 447 microseconds faster on Mars. 

The clock should be ticking faster. On the moon than it ticks now. But the Moon has a large mass near it. That means Earth’s gravity, along with a closer distance to the Sun. It can cause a stronger time dilation on the Moon. Than. Time dilation is on Mars. Things like energy level. Radiation and other things. In the environment. It can also have an effect. On. Time dilation. But gravitation, counter radiation. And other things can affect the redshift.

Does that gravity affect the measurements? In the same way, galaxies and stars contribute to redshift. Maybe those measurements don’t mean much in short distances. But when distances are billions of light-years, even a small anomaly has a big effect. 

That turns the virtual redshift stronger. And this is the thing. That. We should understand.  Because all gravity centers. Stretch light. That moves the spectrum to red. The redshift is stronger near Earth than it is on Mars. 

Things like gravitational lenses also focus energy. Or wave movement into certain points. And maybe those points have a stronger effect on the universe. Another thing that modern observations have uncovered. The thing is that. The quasar's radiation has changed. The 50-year observations prove that thing. 

The expansion of the universe can explain that thing. While. The universe is expanding. There is less material, and quantum fields are weaker. And that causes. The change in the quasars and their radiation. When quantum fields are turning weaker. The material level. The universe decreases. Which. Causes a change in quasars’ radiation. This is one way to think about the black hole’s roles in the universe. When the universe expands, black holes also release energy that they bind from their environment. There is a possibility that supermassive black holes are not as universal as people thought. There are supermassive black holes. Those that are surrounded by more dark matter than others. 

“An artist’s impression of a bright quasar almost outshining its host galaxy. Credit: Dimitrios Sakkas (tomakti), Antonis Georgakakis, Angel Ruiz, Maria Chira (NOA). New observations suggest that the relationship between light emitted by quasars has changed over cosmic time, hinting that the structure around supermassive black holes may not be as universal as once thought. Astronomers from around the world have uncovered strong evidence suggesting that the material surrounding supermassive black holes has not remained the same throughout the history of the universe.” (ScitechDaily, Breaking a 50-Year Law: New Evidence Challenges Fundamental Black Hole Physics)

“Most of the universe is made of unseen components that reveal themselves only through subtle effects on galaxies and cosmic structure. Using an expanded set of observations from the Dark Energy Camera, researchers analyzed distortions in the shapes of hundreds of millions of galaxies to test the leading cosmological model. Credit: SciTechDaily.com”(ScitechDaily, Scientists Map the Invisible Universe, Revealing New Clues About Dark Matter and Dark Energy)

“By studying faint distortions in galaxy shapes across a vast region of sky, scientists probed the hidden structure of the universe.In the standard picture of the universe, nearly everything is hidden from view. About 95 percent of the cosmos consists of dark matter and dark energy, substances that cannot be seen directly and are still not fully understood”. (ScitechDaily, Scientists Map the Invisible Universe, Revealing New Clues About Dark Matter and Dark Energy)

"Even so, they play a major role in shaping the universe, with dark matter influencing how galaxies form through gravity and dark energy causing the expansion of space to speed up. Scientists learn about these unseen components by tracking how they affect visible objects, and researchers at the University of Chicago have now studied these effects across a newly analyzed region of the sky.”(ScitechDaily, Scientists Map the Invisible Universe, Revealing New Clues About Dark Matter and Dark Energy)

There is new information. Dark energy and dark matter are connected. Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) can send radiation. Or an invisible wave movement. If. Those WIMP particles are things. That forms dark matter. Their nature can explain dark energy. If. Dark matter particles exist. It's possible that. Those particles spin so fast. That quantum fields. Cannot touch them all the time. When those particles spin, they roll quantum fields onto them. That means they form a gravity effect. 

When. The quantum field separates from those particles. They. Send a wave movement. If. A quantum field slides over a particle. That means the wave movement can take that energy with it. This causes the idea. That may be. Some other gravitational centers form the dark matter. Or, maybe energy flow that slides over particles is enough. To transform a particle into an invisible one. The thing is that. Those particles might have some effect that makes quantum fields slide over them. 

The gravitational center causes quantum fields to travel over those particles. This means the energy flow interacts with particles, as they interact with stealth bombers. They slide over the particle. And because there is. Some gravitational center. That puts energy in motion; we cannot get a reflection from that matter. The reason for that could be that the gravitational center causes energy flow that denies straight reflection. This thing will not need any of the gravity centers. The moving energy is enough. 

https://eos.org/articles/the-relatively-messy-problem-with-lunar-clocks

https://scitechdaily.com/breaking-a-50-year-law-new-evidence-challenges-fundamental-black-hole-physics/

https://sciencenotes.org/dark-energy/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-map-the-invisible-universe-revealing-new-clues-about-dark-matter-and-dark-energy/

https://scitechdaily.com/supercomputer-simulations-reveal-a-shifting-dark-energy/

https://www.space.com/astronomy/mars/time-travels-faster-on-mars-than-on-earth-and-heres-why

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_red_dot_(astronomical_object)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift

Gravitational lensing and twist in the universe’s expansion.

“Timing delays in quasar light bent by massive galaxies offer a fresh way to measure the universe’s expansion, and the results deepen the rift between early- and late-universe estimates. This growing tension may be a clue that something fundamental about cosmic physics is still undiscovered. Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, Gravitational Lensing Reveals a Twist in the Universe’s Expansion)

When there is a difference between observations and theoretical models, it means. Something is missing from the model. The missing thing. It might be the fifth force or some other large-scale effect. Like a spinning megastructure. Because the material is not homogeneously spread. Through the universe. That means its effects are not homogeneous. The just-found megastructures are like strings throughout the universe, and they should cause interactions. That slows large areas in the universe. 

Things like previously unknown high-energy reactions can also cause unpredictable effects in the universe. When GRB or CRB injects energy into particles, they will not deliver that energy straight away. They glow or. Deliver energy for a while. 

Those megastructures can also form a maser effect inside them. That means. They will collect energy into those massive structures. Like. Metal tubes do. When a magnetic field forms inside it by rolling an electric wire around that tube. Those megastructures act like all other tubes. But they are far larger. So, they might have a stronger electromagnetic effect than previously thought. 

The previously unknown megastructures can cause a need. To re-estimate cosmological principles. An extremely. A large megastructure. It can have a gravitational effect on large parts. Of the universe. Those spinning megastructures that can close chains of galactic superclusters. Inside them can cause previously unknown interactions in some areas of the universe.  That means the universe’s expansion speed might not be the same everywhere

The universe’s expansion is slowing. Or, is it? The question is about the Hubble constant, which is thought to be 73 km/s per megaparsec (km/s/mpc). But in some new measurements, the Hubble constant is slowing down to 67 km/s/mpc. But there is also a possibility. The expansion of the universe. It is not the same everywhere. This means that. There are masses. That. We don’t know in the universe. If something slows the expansion of the remarkable part of the universe, that thing must be very massive. The thing that slows the expansion can be in the universe. Or, outside the universe. Or something else. The expansion of the universe depends on many things. Like, cosmic voids. 

And the differences between quantum field energy levels. Those things cause energy flows. That can have. An unexpected, powerful effect on the universe’s expansion. If. The effect’s area is large enough. It can have. An effect. On the entire universe. There are observations. The universe’s expansion. This is not in line with a young universe. The reason. For It. It can be that the radiation and temperature in the young universe. It was higher than in the modern universe. But that universe caused a stronger redshift in space around it. 

Nobody expected that. Objects were close to each other, and they caused redshift between each other. We can think. About things. Like merging black holes. Those black holes stretch radiation also between them. In the young universe, the scattering effect was stronger. And this caused the idea that the young universe needed. To have components. That is unknown. Some quite common particles. In the young universe. Exist in the modern universe. In very high-energy areas. Also, those exotic particles existed longer in the young universe. This can cause measurement mistakes. If. We use models. Those were made for the modern universe.

“A montage of eight time-delay gravitational lens systems. There’s an entire galaxy at the center of each image, and the bright points in rings around them are gravitationally lensed images of quasars behind the galaxy. These images are false-color and are composites of data from different telescopes and instruments. Credit: ©2025 TDCOSMO Collaboration et al. CC-BY-ND” (ScitechDaily, Gravitational Lensing Reveals a Twist in the Universe’s Expansion)

It’s possible that the hypothetical fifth force is not a new force. It might be some previously unknown interaction between known natural forces. And, maybe EM-fields. If the model doesn’t fit the system, it means something is missing. 

Gravity and light interact. In the same way, new observations show. Electromagnetic fields can also have. A stronger interaction with light. Than predicted. This means the fifth force might not be some new force. It might be a previously unknown interaction. “Scientists have recently discovered an interaction between an electromagnetic wave and its own magnetic component as it passes through a material, updating a 180-year-old assumption that only accounted for the interaction between light and its electric field.” (Science Alert, A 180-Year Assumption About Light Was Just Proven Wrong)

“This phenomenon, the Faraday effect (FE), was first described in 1845 by Michael Faraday, providing some of the earliest evidence of interaction between magnetism and light waves.”(Science Alert, A 180-Year Assumption About Light Was Just Proven Wrong)

“It describes how a beam of light passing through a transparent material is affected when that material is subjected to a magnetic field. Specifically, this changes the direction of polarization of that light beam.”(Science Alert, A 180-Year Assumption About Light Was Just Proven Wrong)

For a simplified perspective, light can be unpolarized or polarized. When light is unpolarized, its electromagnetic oscillations occur in various directions (perpendicular to its plane of travel).”(Science Alert, A 180-Year Assumption About Light Was Just Proven Wrong)

So can some other interaction. Between photons and light remains unknown. Another thing is that. If some particles travel out from the universe faster than the main material. That means those particles can decay or vaporize throughout the universe. This means that those particles release energy, which pushes the universe or even large megastructures back. 

The light and its interaction with gravity mean that the light. Will not necessarily travel on straight routes. Gravitational lenses bend light. Also, things like string gravitational fields can stretch light. This causes an unexpected redshift. Things like cosmic voids can also cause an effect. The wave movement that travels into those voids can jump back from its center. The universe is full of cosmic voids. That means. Those voids can collect and reflect energy. In the same way. Spinning megastructures.  It can bind energy into them. When those megastructures spin, that spin binds energy. And those megastructures can have a large-scale effect on the universe. The previously unknown structures and interactions can affect things. Like, the Hubble constant. 

https://www.sciencealert.com/a-180-year-assumption-about-light-was-just-proven-wrong

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-discover-one-of-the-largest-rotating-structures-ever-seen-in-the-universe/

https://scitechdaily.com/gravitational-lensing-reveals-a-twist-in-the-universes-expansion/

The cosmic structure growth is suppressed, and nobody knows why.

 The cosmic structure growth is suppressed, and nobody knows why.

The question is about the effects of dark matter and dark energy. There is a theory that there are two dark matter types. Hot dark matter is a material. Whose energy level is higher than visible material. Cold dark matter is material whose energy level is lower than visible material. 

Which way does energy travel? In this image, we can think that hot dark matter is the thing that is marked "dark matter". When that hypothetical material's energy level decreases. It turns into visible materials or atoms. Finally, it turns into cold dark matter and when those particles collapse into a 2D form they will make a short-term pothole that fills, and when quantum fields impact that pothole. They send energy impulses, that we see as dark energy. 

So energy travels from hot dark matter through visible matter into cold dark matter. The cold dark matter would be material that has a 2-dimensional structure. And that makes the cold dark matter act like an energy vampire. Energy travels from visible material into cold dark matter.

Maybe cold dark matter is the basic energy level in space. Where our universe exists. That cold dark matter would be invisible because energy travels into that material. The reason, why there are no signs of that cold dark matter is that there are lots more cold dark matter than visible matter. 

But when energy impacts dark matter particles they send that energy into other dark matter particles. And that energy moves the dark matter could. That could be the dark energy. 

"The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space". (Wikipedia, Shape of the universe)

Geometric shape of the universe. 

The reason why we cannot see hot dark matter either is when that material sends the radiation that we can detect it has turned into Higgs boson and then through the chains into stable electrons. And after that when that electron (or any other elementary particle) loses its mass, it turns into cold dark matter. 

Cosmic microwave background

The place of the cold and hot dark matter can be successively after visible material. And in that model, visible material is at the top energy level. In that model energy also travels into the dark matter and because there are lots of more dark matter particles than visible matter, that means the energy that travels into the dark matter. And then, it starts to travel between those dark matter particles. 

Cosmic gamma-ray background 

When we are looking at cosmic micro, gamma, and X-ray backgrounds, we can conclude that gravitational background forms similar structures as some of the cosmic backgrounds. That means gravitational waves or gravitational radiation is not homogenous. That causes the induction conclusion that the universe cannot be purely spherical, hyperbolic, or even flat. 

Cosmic X-ray background. 

The universe's shape would be like a rag, where one corner turned up. In that model, the universe's shape is a combination of those geometrical shapes.  The question about the universe's shape is interesting because it should be a combination of all of those geometrical possibilities. 

Most researchers believe that the universe is flat. But there is a model. where the material that forms our universe is like a ball above that flat universe. If that model is real, energy travels from that ball into that universe or energy level below it. 

In that model, the universe or the 3D material is like a ball, that hovers above the material the energy level is under detectable level. And that material is mainly the cold dark matter. If the cold dark matter's energy level is lower than the visible material's minimum energy level. That means energy travels from visible 3D material to that 2D material, and our universe is like a ball, that hovers in space. 

https://scitechdaily.com/universe-defies-einsteins-predictions-cosmic-structure-growth-mysteriously-suppressed/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

Cosmic background images Space com, ESA and NASA