Change the sound of massive stars warn that they turn to supernova.

"An artist’s impression of Betelgeuse’s supernova. Credit: European Southern Observatory/L. Calçada" (ScitechDaily.com/Explosion Imminent: Massive Stars Sound Warning They Are About To Go Supernova)

The new investigation shows that supernovas are not exploding without warning. That makes predicting those interesting and powerful phenomena more accurate. If there is the possibility to make the prediction when some star explodes. That thing opens new views to observe things like forming of neutron stars and black holes. 

The problem with supernovas is that they explode almost without warning. But making more accurate predictions makes it possible to turn telescopes into that exploding star and observe the entire explosion. 

On earth is a limited number of telescopes that can look at a certain point of the universe and find some useful data from that point. 

Observing an exploding supernova that explodes 3000 light years away from us requires extremely large telescopes. For making observations that have enough accuracy. 

Those powerful telescopes are always busy. And they are needed for many other observations. When those telescopes are following some star, they are away from something else. 

When supernovas are seen from Earth, they have already started their eruption. And that means that the beginning of that eruption is out of data. 

Certain signs give a tip that the star is going to explode. When a star loses its hydrogen fuel. It starts to burn helium. And in that process, it turns into a red giant. In those stars, helium is the main energy source. And helium fusion requires more energy than hydrogen fusion. When the fuel of the star is going to end it starts to pulsate faster and faster. 

The reason for that is that the energy that comes from fusion pushes the star's core outside. That thing decreases pressure and temperature in the nucleus of the star. When energy production turns lower the star will start to collapse until the new energy pulse pushes its core away. 

So when the fuel in the star will end that means the star is starting to pulsate faster and faster. Until the fusion material in the star ends. That causes the collapse of the star. During that collapse, the star's energy production increases to the level where it creates as much energy as it produced in its entire existence until it turned into a supernova. 

The massive energy production means that the shockwave starts to travel outside the star. The supernova always forms neutron stars or black holes, depending on its mass. A supernova is one of the most fascinating things in the universe. There is the possibility that those eruptions form warp bubbles. 

In that hypothesis, the powerful energy impact forms the situation where the supernova pushes all quantum fields from around it. Also, those extremely high-energy reactions are giving information about things like wave-particle duality. Can a high-power electromagnetic field turn the light element heavier?

Extremely large-size stars are also fascinating because they are forming also the heaviest elements of the universe. The thing that makes those stars interesting is that the supernovas can uncover when elements like uranium form.  The ability to predict the supernova explosion makes it possible to turn the observation instruments to that exploding star. 

Are those heaviest elements forming during the normal fusion reaction of the red supergiant? Or are those heaviest elements forming during the supernovas? That thing makes many very interesting thoughts in the minds of astronomers and physicists. 

https://scitechdaily.com/explosion-imminent-massive-stars-sound-warning-they-are-about-to-go-supernova/

Image: https://scitechdaily.com/explosion-imminent-massive-stars-sound-warning-they-are-about-to-go-supernova/

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

The major problem with fusion experiments is, how to make plasma stay in its form.

The problem with fusion reaction is that the high-energy plasma will not keep its form. So when the energy pump to fusion ends the energy that comes inside will break the plasma. So what if the opposite polar particles will shoot at that plasma ball? 

That thing makes it possible that the fusion reaction begins from the plasma ball's core. The shockwave would travel inside that plasma ball. In regular cases, fusion starts from the middle of the fusion material. And that shockwave destroys the plasma ball. 

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The "cannon device" ion-anion collider where opposite polar particles will shoot against each other could be suitable for some kind of fusion system. 

In some cases, researchers introduced to use of some kind of "cannon device" for solving problems of the fusion reactor. This kind of cannon device is quite a simple system. 

Two linear particle accelerators are shooting opposite polar particles against each other. That thing will collide with anions and ions together. And that kind of system is easier to create than Tokamak-type reactors. 

The system could use lithium ions and chloride anions. But the problem is that the system must create enough energy for a self-sustaining fusion reaction. Otherwise, an ion-anion collider would be suitable for the fusion system. 

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So, when the electromagnetic radiation starts to grow temperature of the plasma causes a situation where the plasma particles start to repel each other. When the fusion ignition happens the energy that fusion forms break the plasma structure. 

In the case where fusion ignites the fusion material makes flash. It sends electromagnetic radiation around it. And that causes the electromagnetic vacuum, which pulls particles away from the plasma ball. In that case, electromagnetic overpressure breaks the structure. 

The plasma that is used in fusion experiments is monopolar. This means the electromagnetic force will push those particles away from each other. And the magnetic field that has the same polarity must push that plasma in one entirety. When the fusion ignites the energy level of the magnetic field that presses the particles must be higher than plasma. That helps to keep plasma in its form. 

The problem is that the fusion starts in the middle of the plasma.  where it starts the shockwave through that material. If the fusion can begin in the core of the plasma ball the impact wave would travel inside it. 

So the answer to the problems of the fusion could be that the opposite polar particles would shoot at that plasma ball. That can begin the fusion reaction at the core of the plasma ball. 

In that case, the magnets should press that plasma harder than the energy that forms in fusion pushes particles. If that thing is done there is the possibility to create a self-sustaining fusion reaction. 

Image and sources: 

https://scitechdaily.com/mit-contributes-to-success-of-historic-fusion-ignition-experiment/

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

The shape of the fusion reactor meant something.

Image 1)

When we are thinking about ion fusion, where ions with plus and minus polarities are impacting together, we must realize that there is one problem. If all ions have the same polarity. They are repelling each other. So the magnetic field must push those ions together. And then an ignition laser will pull those ions together. If we will inject the different polar ions into the Tokamak reactor that magnetic field will pull another ion cloud to the walls of the accelerators. 

The system can use a similar structure to NIF (National Ignition Facility). In the middle of the ball, the system sprays a cloud of positive ions. Then magnets start to press that positive ion cloud. And after that, the negative ions will shoot to that chamber by using a particle accelerator. The beam of negative ions will impact that glimpse of positive ions. And the laser rays will increase the energy of that system until fusion starts. 

The Images in the diagram above are

1) Traditional Tokamak

2) Tokamak includes two acceleration lines. The system will impact positive and negative ion beams at the crossing point. 

3) NIF-type or ball-shaped reactor. The cloud of positive ions will press together by using a positive magnetic field. Then negative ions will inject into the ball and they impact with positive ions. 

4) Ball-shaped chamber. Positive and negative ions will be driven to the chamber from opposite directions.

5) The linear accelerator where negative and positive ions are shot to impact tracks. 

Or we can use another structure. There is the possibility that using accelerators that are making ion beams cross each other allows the ion beams that have different polarity can impact each other. In that case, the ions that have different polarity pull each other to impact course. 

In another version, the system uses two linear accelerators. The accelerators or ion cannons are shooting ions in the fusion chamber from both sides of the chamber. The reaction chamber itself would be neutral. And particle accelerators shoot those plus and minus ions to that chamber. The laser rays or some other electromagnetic radiation can increase the temperature of that fusion system. 

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60312633

https://scitechdaily.com/nuclear-fusion-energy-breakthrough-ignition-confirmed-in-record-1-3-megajoule-shot/

Image: 1)https://scitechdaily.com/images/Tokamak-Components.jpg

https://informationnevervanishes.blogspot.com/

The fusion energy is coming.

Fusion energy is one of the most interesting versions of energy production. The problem is that this reactor requires deuterium and tritium for the fusion. The term "heavy water" means that the hydrogen is turned to its heavier isotopes deuterium and tritium. But there is so small number of those isotopes in the water. 

In hydrogen bombs, lithium deuteride creates, deuterium and tritium when it's shot with neutrons. But deuterium and tritium can produce from water by stressing it with radiation. In nature, 0,015% of hydrogen is in deuterium form. 

So vaporized lithium deuteride can use in fusion reactors the same way. The radiation stress would turn lithium 6 deuteride into deuterium and tritium. The vacuum allows vaporizing the lithium deuteride. And then that vaporized lithium deuteride can be driven to a tokamak-type donut-shaped reactor. 

When a fusion reaction is started. The reactor's radiation can use to produce deuterium and tritium. The bottle of water will take near the fusion reactor. And then the radiation of that reactor should turn the hydrogen in that water to deuterium and tritium. In laboratories, deuterium and tritium are formed by stressing water by using X-ray machines.

In the universe, the deuterium is forming in the nuclear fusion of stars.  But there is no chemical reaction that can form the deuterium or tritium. There is the possibility to create tritium by using neutron radiation. In that case, the neutron flow would impact deuterium. And the deuterium traps neutron and turns to tritium. 

In the production of those heavier isotopes of hydrogen, the neutron or two neutrons in the case of tritium must connect to the proton. Producing tritium by using Helium 3 is impossible because there are two protons and one neutron in Helium 3. The tritium involves two neutrons and one proton. 

But in nature heavy water is forming when cosmic radiation hits the water. In that reaction, the hydrogen turns to deuterium and tritium. This reaction is extremely slow. But when we are thinking possibility to take the water tanks to the edge of the atmosphere. There is the possibility to stress the water by using cosmic radiation.

Researchers can make it by using balloons or high-flying aircraft. The high-flying stratospheric aircraft can take water bottles to the upper atmosphere. 

There is the possibility to use the fission reactor to create deuterium and tritium. In that case, the water bottle will be put in the nuclear reactor. And then the neutron radiation can turn the water into heavy water. So the nuclear reactor will turn the hydrogen atoms in water be deuterium and tritium. But the most economical version is to benefit the fusion reactor's radiation for making those hydrogen isotopes. 

https://quillette.com/2022/02/21/fusion-power-is-coming/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium-3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_hydride

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium

https://thoughtandmachines.blogspot.com/

Photon engines, warp bubbles, and interstellar probes can be real sooner than we imagine.

Image 1) Artist's impression of fusion rocket. (Pinterest)

A couple of theoretical engines. That can explain something about strange things called UFOs. The fact is that there have been introduced many types of solutions for interstellar travel. Things like photon engines and other things might be true in the future. 

In some plans like the "Daedalus" project technology was not at that level. This early study project of the interstellar probe could create in the future. But, that requires extremely high investments. The thing is that the zero-point propulsion systems that are making energy low in the one direction can be fundamental space and aviation technology. 

But today the interstellar probes are still philosophical thinking. The thing that the photon rocket would make so weak thrust can limit its use in the last stage of acceleration. The fact is that the photon engine could use to create warp bubbles around the particle. And then that electromagnetic vacuum would turn to wave movement that pushes the craft forward. 

The Wigner crystal can use to create the superpositioned and entangled electron pairs. That superposition can stabilize by benefiting the radiation of the internal fusion reactor. 

The butterfly effect of Lorentz's strange attractor is the thing that can load energy from the environment until it can deliver it to the ground or some other object. If the superconducting antenna is forming Lorenz's strange attractor there is theoretically possible to create a so-called Wigner engine. That engine could use the radiation that is connected to it from outside. Or internal power source. 

The Wigner crystal is the structure that can trap electrons. Those electrons can be superpositioned and entangled by using Lorentz's strange attractor. Then the energy level of another part of that particle pair will rise by stressing it with laser or some other electromagnetic radiation. 

The engine is simply two graphene layers that are close to each other. There are trapped electrons in that graphene layer. And then those electrons will be superpositioned and entangled. 

That thing can make by using the fusion reaction. Those graphene layers would be at the exhaust channel of the fusion reactor. And then that radiation can make the superposition and entanglement between those electrons. 

Then the other electron will stress with energy. And the superposition will transfer energy away from the engine. That radiation can form the ion cloud under the craft. And in the most effective scenario, the radiation would form the warp bubbles around those electrons. 

That thing would be similar to the case that there is a quantum tornado below the craft. The area in the quantum tornado would be at an extremely low energy level. That causes the energy will travel out from the material. And that thing causes a radiation that rises the craft above the ground. 

In that engine's extreme versions the system uses a quantum-size wormhole for accelerating the wave movement. Another electron would turn to the quantum-size black hole. Then another electron would turn into a white hole. And that kind of futuristic engine would use the quantum-size wormholes to drive wave movement and other particles back to the craft and then it can cause the effect that the exhaust gas will travel faster than the speed of light. 

The fusion-powered "flying saucer". Was one of the plans for a futuristic space shuttle in the 1970s 

The fusion-powered flying saucer would use water for fusion. The water molecule's polarity would benefit the particle accelerators which are impacting the plus and minus ions. 

Water molecules can drive through particle accelerators. The other accelerator turns the water molecule's oxygen forward. 

And another hydrogen forward. And that thing can be used as fusion. Or of course, the accelerators will put the oxygen and hydrogen ions to impact together. High-power particle accelerators will shoot those molecules together. And then that impact point will shoot laser rays. The fact is that this kind of fusion system can use both versions of hydrogen and oxygen. 

And that makes it possible to create the fusion reaction. That system would use the regular nuclear reactor for making enough energy for the ignition of the fusion. In some plans, the fusion will happen outside the craft. Or in some other versions, the reaction would be in the chamber. The radially mounted exhaust tubes can be open when the craft wanted to turn in some direction. 

The gravitational wave engine can make by using the quantum whip. 

The virtual gravitational waves can make by using the superpositioned and entangled particle pairs. That means that the other members of that particle pair would be in the center of the craft. And another member of that particle pair will orbit it. With the speed that is as close to the speed of light as possible. When that "whip" is rotating it sends the wave movement that can benefit the flight. 

The gravitational wave engine is theoretically quite easy to create. There are needed only two particles orbiting together. This is the reason why black holes are sending gravitational waves. The event horizon is orbiting the nucleus of the black hole. And those waves are visible in the universe. But the fact is that creating enough powerful gravitational waves is difficult because the mass of those objects must be high enough. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon_rocket

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Daedalus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner_crystal

Image 1:) Pinteret

Image 2:) https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-warn-of-alien-invasions-and-the-need-for-planetary-biosecurity/

https://thoughtandmachines.blogspot.com/

 About nuclear fusion: the Holy Grail of energy production.

Tokamak reactor

Nuclear fusion can turn to produce energy sooner than we expect. 

Nuclear fusion is a "Holy Grail" to energy production. But the problem is how to make the reactor create more energy than it uses for creating the fusion power. Energy can store in flashing Tokamak reactors to the batteries. And that helps to keep fusion under control. 

The flashing fusion reactors are things that are promising tools. A reaction would not happen all the time. When the reactor is producing energy. The system stores it in capacitors. The purpose of those capacitors is to stabilize energy delivery. To the main electric network. While there is a break in the energy production.

And the researchers will stabilize temperature. By removing the pressure. That means fusion doesn't happen all the time. That helps the system keep the temperature and energy production under control. The system can use two plasma beams the positive and negative ions will connect at a certain position. The ionized gases will pull each other together. And that makes it easier to create a fusion reactor. 

So this is one version of the fusion system. Tokamak reactors are the most promising tools for nuclear fusion.  In those reactors, the plasma can keep away from the walls of the donut-shaped magnetic accelerators. The ignition system aims for microwaves and laser rays to the plasma that orbits the donut-shaped reactor. A fusion reactor is like the artificial sun on Earth. 

But the problem is that the Sun's pressure must compensate by using higher temperatures. The temperature in Tokamak reactors is higher than in the nucleus of the Sun. 

The temperature of the plasma is billions of degrees. And if there is contact between plasma and the wall of the particle accelerator that causes the system will melt immediately. 

The extremely high-temperature plasma would start to rise. And that thing causes the pulling effect that is similar to nuclear explosions. The problem is that if the plasma in the fusion reactor will create too much energy. That destroys the reactor and power plant.  

High-temperature plasma has military solutions. 

The high-temperature plasma will be a devastating tool in the hands of the military. So this means that the same thing is used for developing high-energetic plasma in Tokamak. Can also use to create high-energetic plasma for plasmoid weapons.

The free-fusion bombs are the new type of theoretical fusion solution. They are simple crossing high-energetic ion and anion flows. The ignition of the fusion reaction happens by using the laser that aimed to cross point ignites fusion or creates the artificial sun in the atmosphere. 

Sometimes, fusion development is claimed as the cover-up for the plasmoid weapon development. The thing is that the crossing ion beams that are crossing at a certain point can turn to fusion weapons. In that case, positive and negative high-energy ions will cross at a certain point. Then the laser ray will ignite the fusion at that point. That thing requires only two tanks where are two gases. 

Atoms of the first gas will turn to ions. Another gas is turned into anions (negative ions). Those particles will pull each other together. After that then the laser ray will ignite the fusion. This type of system is called a "free-fusion bomb". The fusion is formed in the ion flow. 

https://interestingengineering.com/tokamak-energy-made-a-breakthrough-in-nuclear-fusion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak

Image: https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainstokamaks

First-time fusion reactor released more energy than it absorbs.

 First-time fusion reactor released more energy than it absorbs.

Image 1 Tokamak reactor

I have written before that while we are waiting for fusion power. We should also develop other choices for energy solutions. The thing is that fusion power is near to its breakthrough. But same time nobody knows when the first commercial fusion system is starting to produce energy. So we should not put all toys in the same box. 

But the case that fusion power creates more energy than its fuel absorbs. Is a breakthrough, that nobody expected to see. The fusion power plant could use the pulsing system where the power unit produces energy as the pulses. The thing is that in this case, the energy can transfer to the battery platform. And then it can deliver to the electric network. 

Those batteries can be high-voltage capacitors which are storing the power that is released. When the fusion reactor is delivering its energy. The thing is that the pulsing fusion reactor is not necessary the torus-looking Tokamak reactor. 

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Image 2

"Simplified diagram of the beam path of a NIF laser beam. One of 192 similar beamlines". 

"On the left are the amplifiers and optical switch. And on the right is the final spatial filter, switchyard, and optical frequency converter. "(Wikipedia, National Ignition facility)

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The pulsing fusion reactor can look like a ball. And in that system. There could be the "canon" that shoots the ampules that are filled with fusion fuel to the middle of the chamber. Or two cannons are sending the ionized fusion fuel to the middle of the chamber where those jets are stressed with symmetrical microwaves and lasers. 

In that "ball model" is used the similar technology that is in use in the NIF(National Ignition Facility). If we are thinking of a possibility to shoot the fusion material to the middle of the chamber by using small ampules. That thing makes it possible to control the reaction better. The fusion material can be in the form of an ion and anion. 

That thing makes it possible to create a lightweight, easy-to-control fusion reactor. And the requirement for the success of that system is that it could create more energy than the fuel and the heating process absorb. 

But theoretically, it's possible to create the basket-ball size fusion reactor that bases the idea that the lithium or ionized materials are shot in the middle of the reactor. Those kinds of reactors can use as the power source for the aircraft. 

And then that system can ignite the fuel. There is also the possibility to use some heavier ionized gases where the ion and anion are impacting. In that impact, the point is pointed laser rays and another type of electromagnetic radiation that makes ions and anions melt together. 

https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainstokamaks

https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/us-fusion-reaction-generates-more-energy-than-absorbe/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility

Image 1:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak

Image 2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility

Image 3: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/NIF-engineering-prototype-target-Figure-4-Schematic-of-the-cryogenic-ignition-target_fig4_231079611

Image 4: https://throughthelookingflask.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/nif-drawing.jpg

For the first time probe has touched the Sun.

  

 For the first time probe has touched the Sun. 

NASA Parker probe has been dive in the Sun. That probe used interesting technology that helped to keep it cool. There could be possible to make the probe dive even deeper by using a magnetic field that pushes the plasma away from the probe. That would decrease the interaction between the probe and the plasma that comes from the Sun. 

The reason why Parker was sent to its mission. Is that it should collect data from the solar wind. The solar wind is high-energetic plasma that can destroy spacecraft. But there is another reason why close contact with the Sun is needed. The mission of probes like Parker is to collect data for the fusion tests. The power source of the Sun is fusion reaction. And the close contact with the Sun is the thing that can help to model the conditions that are making fusion possible. 

In some visions, the probes like Parker can collect antimatter from the solar atmosphere. The probe would travel to the sun.  Then that antimatter collector dives deep into the corona. Then it could open the solar sail and solar wind can push the probe back to Earth. 

Antimatter production is extremely expensive. And the probe could create it by putting the beta particles of the solar wind impact with gold leaf. Antimatter can use in fusion reactors to start the fusion reaction. 

The antimatter is creating an extremely high energy load. And that energy can use for starting and maintaining fusion reactions. The antimatter can make annihilate with material around the plasma-ring at Tokamak-type reactors. And that energy dose can start a fusion reaction. And it can raise the temperature after certain periods. The use of antimatter is to boost the fusion reaction in the fusion reactors. 

When the fusion reactor will start to turn too cold small dose of antimatter can turn the temperature to the needed level. The problem with the fusion rector is that the needed temperature is higher than in the Sun's nucleus. In the fusion reactors, the pressure of the nucleus of the sun must compensate by rising temperature to so high level. That the heat replaces missing pressure.  

The use of antimatter is one of the answers to how to create enough energy for starting self-maintaining fusion. But the high price would limit the use of antimatter for that purpose. So antimatter can collect from space. 

https://scitechdaily.com/parker-solar-probe-for-the-first-time-in-history-a-spacecraft-has-touched-the-sun/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak

https://likeinterstellartravelingandfuturism.blogspot.com/

One improvement for Orion spacecraft

Kimmo Huosionmaa

The normal rifle could launch Highly Enriched Plutonium or Californium bullets in the back of the craft, and then that ammunition would target the electromagnetic radiation by using the parabolic antenna in the back of the craft. The gun would release the bullet in the middle of the antenna, and the bullet would go thru the focal point of radiation, what would cause the nuclear fission in that piece of the highly enriched nuclear isotope. In this system standard ammunition, that is filled with gunpowder and that would make the structure of that system simpler than some magnetic rails or some other electromagnetic solutions.


That would give a more sensitive punch, and makes easier to adjust the speed of the device. Sometimes those bullets were planned to fill with Lithium, and the radiation would be mixed radio and laser rays. In fact, the normal Lithium batteries could be used in that motor. The energy of this spacecraft would get from nuclear reactors, what gives enough power to lasers and other devices of that craft. This thing would be similar, what is planned for use in the "Daedalus".  The hypothetical space probe, what would sometimes in the future travel to the Alfa Centauri. Why I'm writing about "Orion" and "Daedalus" in the same text, is the propulsion of those spacecraft are basically the same, but "Orion" uses fission and "Daedalus" uses nuclear fusion for creating the power for accelerating the spacecraft.


Using a nuclear reactor for pumping the energy for fusion system allows making fusion motor application in the spacecraft. The fusion system in this hypothetical spacecraft is not self-operating or self-maintaining. It needs the outer power source for function. Or maybe fission would be used at the beginning of the operation, and then the ship would transfer to use fusion pellets.


Both systems can be installed in the same motor, and changing the tank would be only needed for an operation. In this case, another tank involves the fissile bullets, and another one would involve the fusion material, what would shoot thru the system by small rifle. In this case, the magnetic accelerators would be unnecessary, because the accelerating for the fuel capsules would happen with standard ammunition, what can be installed in the ammunition belt.


And even the minigun would be used in that mission. That would make "Daedalus" or "Orion" possible to shoot right away to the other planets. In the real life, the normal turbogenerator could give enough energy for starting nuclear fission in the pellets, what is filler with Californium, but would the fusion possible. That is the question mark.  That system would be used to send the space probe in our own Solar system, but other stars are the little bit too far away.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Daedalus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)

More about nano-size nuclear weapons

https://marxjatalous.blogspot.com/

Kimmo Huosionmaa


There is another way to make very effective but small size detonators, and one of the most interesting ideas is for the small-scale version of the systems, what are used in fusion tests. Those systems would act like a small version of the Sci-Fi movie "Star Wars" "Death Star", where the lasers are the circular form around the pipe, what is also used for the lead laser, what would collect other laser-rays together, and carry them to the target. In this scenario, the weapon would shoot lithium batteries thru that pipe, and then the laser-ray would shoot in the same line, where this pellet would fly. That would cause the fusion detonation. But luckily the needed technology is still very far away from practical solutions. There is theoretically possible to miniaturize the systems, what are used in the laser-test facilities in the portable size.


And then the extremely small size fusion weapon could be done. In this case, the technology in that weapon in actually existed, but making it extremely small size would be difficult. When we are thinking about those extremely small size nuclear explosives, they are extremely fascinating option for many military actions. Those weapons can destroy entire warship with one shot. But the problem is, that they are hiding the line between conventional and nuclear weapons. When we are thinking about those very easily moving and many times shooting weapons, what have extremely high firepower, we think that they might be even too devastating.

The laser- or other electromagnetic radiation would raise the temperature of the lithium very high level, and that would be made possible to make very small nuclear explosives. The best way to make that thing just shoots the lithium pellet in the same line as the laser- or other electromagnetic radiation, what would raise the temperature enough high, for making very small fusion explosive.  Those systems are already in use at the fusion test sites like NIF (National Ignition Facility) at Lawrence Livermore national laboratories and many places in Europe. But those systems must be made much smaller if those miniature fusion bombs would be real. And they can cause terrible visions in the mind of humans.

Lockheed-Martin and fusion powered fighter, real-life Millennium Falcon

Picture I

Kimmo Huosionmaa

Lockheed-Martin corporation is trying to make fighter or airplane, what would use Fusion reactor for flying. That seems like something from Science fiction books, but in this case, would this fusion motor become the real thing. The fusion motor doesn't mean that the aircraft needs nuclear reactors or the fusion would be self-sustain.


In those concepts, what is theoretically investigated in tens of years, the fusion will give only the driving force. The motor itself is theoretical very simple, the fusion element would be conducted thru the reactor, and then the lasers would ignite the artificial sun inside or outside the reactor. Those lasers can get their electric power from fuel cells, conventional turbo-generators, what are rotating by jet turbines or by nuclear reactors.

"Daedalus"
Picture II

Also, windmill-generators what is used in some Electronic warfare aircraft can be used in that role (Picture IV). That kind of fusion reactor was planned to interstellar spacecraft "Daedalus" what was planned by interplanetary society. In that solution, the fusion reactor would use assisted by another propulsion system, what gives power to those lasers. Of course, those lasers can use acetylene lights in their lightning tubes, and that would decrease the need for electric power.

Picture III

Those lasers can be carbon-monoxide lasers, what are most powerful chemical lasers in the world. Their mission is to create enough energy, that fusion would start in the middle of them. That motor would be the very revolutionizing solution in aviation, and that would give change to travel in the universe at least in our own solar system and also in the atmosphere of planets.

Picture IV

In some wildest dreams, that fusion powered aircraft would look like the normal fighter, and it air intakes would use as the port for the interstellar ramjet. In that fictional motor, the powerful magnetic field would suck the ions thru the fusion motor, and in this process, the magnetic field would pressure that ion flow like wire, what goes thru the reactor, and then the laser rays would ignite the fusion. The problem of that system would be auxiliary power, what is needed to make those laser-rays and magnets what would press that ionic flow.

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Daedalus

https://www.space.com/37146-nuclear-fusion-rockets-interstellar-spaceflight.html

http://www.projectrho.com/public_html/rocket/realdesignsfusion.php

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUUuMAsaJBU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CeJCneMkxQk


Picture I

http://cdn3.theeventchronicle.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/lockheed-martin-patents-nuclear-fusion-powered-fighter-jet.jpg

Picture II

http://public.media.smithsonianmag.com/legacy_blog/fusion-engine.jpg

Picture III
https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2010/03/george-h-miley-presentation-on-nuclear.html

Picture IV

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/8g2DinNhXCU/maxresdefault.jpg


https://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/


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The risks of ultra-clean nuclear weapons

Kimmo Huosionmaa

Above the text is a mushroom-shaped cloud, what has been formed by the warm gas bubble, what has been raised from the water. The formation process of this cloud is similar to nuclear explosions. But temperature is lower. Normally nuclear explosives would be noticed by increasing level of radiation. And that would uncover the atmospheric nuclear tests. The nuclear test is prohibited in the atmosphere, undersea an Earth orbiter.


The latest fusion weapons are problematic because they would not leave radioactive fallout behind them. Ignition process of those fusion devices would happen by heating lithium pieces by using high-power laser rays. The laser would raise the temperature high enough for starting fusion reaction in the piece of lithium. Those weapons are so clean, that they would not uncover by the radioactive fallout. The ignition of that system would happen by using carbon monoxide laser, what would power by acetylene light. Those systems are extremely powerful.


Ultra clean nuclear weapons can be launched by internal or external lasers. The laser can be installed on separate aircraft, what would also drop lithium canisters. Those canisters would be equipped with targeting device, and the highly powerful chemical laser can be targeted to those pieces. Same lasers can also use for anti-satellite missions.


Also, the powerful SDI-lasers could use for that purpose. The external lasers can be done easier, because the size of the bomb would not be limit. In some scenario, the lithium canisters would be dropped from satellites, and then they would be heated by using ground-based lasers, what would target to those canisters by using mirror satellites, and those weapons can be very deadly. The used lasers might be free-electron type particle accelerators what can be kilometers long.


The problem with lithium canisters is that they would not seem in radioactive sensors. So they can be installed in the boat, any kind of aircraft and missile. Those weapons are very frightened because they would be used in the terrorist attack. The only thing what the striker needs is the powerful laser, what would make enough heat for the beginning of fusion.

https://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/

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