The photon, or light, can have wave and particle forms. And that can explain why a photon cannot cross the speed of light.

  

"Photons are elementary particles that act as the fundamental carriers of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. They are unique because they have no mass and always travel at the speed of light in a vacuum. Photons exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, a dual nature that is central to the field of quantum mechanics. They play a crucial role in various physical processes, including the transmission of energy and information. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Science Made Simple: What Are Photons?)

The photon, or light, can have wave and particle forms. And that can explain why a photon cannot cross the speed of light. 

The photon, or light, can have wave and particle forms. And those forms are always separated. The photon cannot have wave and particle forms at the same time. The speed of light in a vacuum is 299,792,458 m/s. But the speed of light depends on the environment. But the speed of light is impossible to reach in normal situations. 

But what makes a photon change its form? And could that explain why particles cannot cross the speed of light? There is a possibility. That electromagnetic, or quantum vacuum. Or the shadow tail behind the particle pulls that particle into a straight form that we call wave movement. 

A photon has a wave movement form. And it has a particle form. But those forms are always separated. The photon cannot have wave and particle forms at the same time. And maybe, that thing explains. Why can a photon always travel at the top speed of the environment? But the photon cannot travel faster than light. So the photon’s speed is always the top. 

The photon can take a wave movement form. When it forms an electromagnetic vacuum or tail, which pulls it into a tape-shaped form. If the electromagnetic or quantum field is weak, the quantum shadow will not be so deep. 

"Schematic of the MIT experiment: Two single atoms floating in a vacuum chamber are illuminated by a laser beam and act as the two slits. The interference of the scattered light is recorded with a highly sensitive camera depicted as a screen. Incoherent light appears as background and implies that the photon has acted as a particle passing only through one slit. Credit: Courtesy of the researchers." (ScitechDaily, MIT Just Proved Einstein Wrong in the Most Famous Quantum Experiment)

The photon should be like all other particles. And it interacts with the fields around it like all other particles. If the particle travels through the quantum fields, it leaves the tail or vacuum behind it. That tail pulls the particle to the shape. That looks like a tape. If that shadow or vacuum tail does not form, the particle would reach a far higher speed than it reaches without that tail. When that quantum shadow turns too deep. 

That pulls the particle into the shape. That looks like tape. The nose will inject energy into the particle. But at the same time. It creates the quantum version of the sonic pressure cone. That pulls energy out from the sides of the particle. 

That tape-shaped structure could explain why the photon behaves as it behaves. When a photon travels in the electromagnetic or quantum field, it acts like all other particles. Photon makes a similar cone to the electromagnetic field as an aircraft does. There is an electromagnetic vacuum around the photon. The nose of the photon pushes the field away from it. 

And then the tape-shaped thing goes into the quantum vacuum that pulls energy out from that tape-shaped thing. When the area that conducts energy to the particle becomes too small, the particle starts to deliver more energy than it gets. That means the change from particle to wave movement turns the particles to tape; that nose is the only thing that delivers energy to particle. And the rest of the tape-shaped body releases more energy than the particle can get from its nose. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mit-just-proved-einstein-wrong-in-the-most-famous-quantum-experiment/

https://scitechdaily.com/science-made-simple-what-are-photons/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon

The wormholes and quantum foam can make interstellar travel at least to the closest stars possible.

 The wormholes and quantum foam can make interstellar travel at least to the closest stars possible. 

Speed of light and quantum foam. 

Quantum foam is the lowest mode of existence. That means there is no "nothing" in a quantum universe. The quantum foam theory describes the material as a form of energy.  In that theory, there is always a quantum field in the universe and the thing that changes is that field's energy level. The reason we cannot see those fields is that. Their energy level is too low, and all energy travels to those fields. The quantum field acts like liquid or gas. 

And when some object closes the speed of light it stores kinetic energy in it. Then in the critical moment, the energy level of the particle or object turns too high. Energy starts to travel out from that object. And it just pushes quantum foam or quantum field away. That means in critical moments that particle will get into the quantum emptiness where energy starts to travel out from the particle. In this model, the quantum foam forms the "light wall" that denies particles travel faster than the speed of light in regular cases. 

The wormholes and quantum foam.

The wormhole is a tunnel through time-space. And there is a possibility that the wormhole doesn't make craft travel faster than light. But it can deny the object's vaporization. That means the wormhole just pumps energy into an object. And that energy stops time in the craft. That situation where an object gets as much energy is called an energy balance, which denies object aging. 

Things like electromagnetic wormholes can deny aging. The laser rays and radio maser rays also are wormholes. In some very futuristic models, the craft travels in a laser ray or electromagnetic wormhole. That electromagnetic wormhole requires an extremely large laser system. 

But then to the real gravitational wormholes. 

In theoretical models, the wormholes are like strings that form when electromagnetic tornados that are tight enough push the quantum foam into the form of string. The wormhole is an electromagnetic channel that acts like a laser. 

The energy that comes from the electromagnetic tornado pushes the quantum field inside that structure into the form of string. 

Mostly energy that comes from the higher energy object in a wormhole keeps it open, but energy that comes from sideways affects that structure. That thing creates the natural maser effect in that energy tunnel. 

And if another side of the wormhole is at a higher energy level than the other the string transports the object from an object that is at higher to an object that is lower energy level. So wormhole is like string in quantum foam. 

The wormhole may be a series of quantum bubbles in the denser channel of quantum foam. In that model, quantum voids are forming chains in an electromagnetic tornado. And then there is a string-looking energy channel in the middle of those bubbles. So quantum bubbles are like beads on a string of pearls and the energy string is like wire that connects those things. 

So how does Alcubierre drive work? 

The idea of WARP-drive is that it just turns energy travel into the object in a critical moment. One version of the WARP system is a bubble where craft transfers energy. The idea is that the craft can make a quantum bubble around it. 

And then, it will transfer energy to that bubble. Energy will fill the bubble and start to travel into the craft. But the energy transfer into the craft in the critical moment can have many other ways. In some models, the system drives the shockwave of quantum foam into the spacecraft's shell by using some "aerodynamic shapes". 

That model makes it possible to create spacecraft that can harvest as much energy from its environment as it uses. And that system could be the cosmic perpetual machine. 

One is to detonate antimatter in the craft. 

And in that case, the energy that comes from inside the craft will replace the energy that it loses in critical moments. The other version is the magnetic dynamic drive or MDD. The MDD's thrust is very weak. But the craft can use antimatter engines to accelerate as close to the speed of light as possible. 

After that, the MDD pulls plasma and ions against the craft's nose. That system will transfer energy to craft in critical moments.  Crafts can start to travel at least extremely close to the speed of light. And then the magnetic system pulls plasma against it. 

In some theoretical systems, the craft uses laser light or cathode rays to transport energy backward. The laser or cathode rays act like thermal pumps. And they form a situation where energy travels to the craft through its shell. The energy that travels into the craft is called negative energy. If that energy flow is strong enough it could make the craft able to travel faster than photons in the critical moment. 

https://bigthink.com/hard-science/muon-g-2-new-physics/

https://bigthink.com/hard-science/nothing-exist-quantum-foam/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Tachyons: are they real?

There are three ways in which hypothetical tachyon particles can move faster than light. They can move across space in the warp bubble. Or their spin can be faster than the speed of light. Or their energy level can be so high that they cannot interact with other particles or quantum fields. 

There are two ways in which particles can move faster than light. Another way is that particle just moves through space. And another way is that the particle's spin is faster than the speed of light. So the particle can simply rotate faster than the speed of light. 

And of course, in the third version crossing the speed of light is virtual. The idea of this model is that the sudden energy impact on a particle near the speed of light turns its weight and energy load so high that the particle just loses its ability to interact with the third dimension. 

So is a tachyon simply a particle whose energy level is so high that it cannot interact with other particles? 

What is the reason why we haven't seen the tachyon yet? Could that thing be that those hypothetical particles cannot interact with other particles and quantum fields? So when tachyon can interact with other particles and quantum fields. It's not tachyon anymore. 

In image 2 is the spin of the electron. The electron's spin is 1/2. And the reason for that is there are many poles in that particle. So there is like strings that are making the full round impossible. And that means the spin of electrons and all other particles is back and forth motion. 

But there is the possibility that the tachyon is in the middle of an electromagnetic bubble or warp bubble. That means its spin can be faster than light because no quantum field interacts with that particle and slows its motion. 

If the warp bubble collapses. The speed of the tachyons' rotation or spin will slow. And at that moment tachyon sends wave motion. That can be the dark energy. When a tachyon touches the quantum field or wave motion its rotational or vertical speed decreases. And it turns to some other particle. 

Image 2)"A single point in space can spin continuously without becoming tangled. Notice that after a 360-degree rotation, the spiral flips between clockwise and counterclockwise orientations. It returns to its original configuration after spinning a full 720°." (Wikipedia, Spin (Physics) )

So how hypothetical tachyon-particle can cross the speed of light?

In this model, the third dimension is the certain energy level in the material. And the dimension is the energy limit or difference where two particles can interact with each other. If energy levels between those two particles are too different and another particle is on too high an energy level. The particle that has a lower energy level cannot interact with it. And that means the particle is lost behind the event horizon. So another description for speed is energy level. 

When we think about hypothetical tachyons as particles, that energy level is extremely high. We are facing one interesting thing. Tachyons would behave like all other particles. And that means it sends the wave motion when it travels through the universe. 

And in that model, the wave motion of that particle that has so high an energy level that it cannot interact with other particles create the warp bubble around it. That bubble makes an electromagnetic vacuum around that particle. Because there is no electromagnetic friction in that bubble speed of the spin of the tachyon can be faster than the speed of light. 

If we think that the tachyon is the particle that is inside the warp bubble, there is the possibility that the particle can rotate around it. So the spin of the tachyon can be 1 or >1. In that model, the warp bubble denies the interaction between the tachyon and other particles and quantum fields in the universe.  

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

Upper image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

Image 2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

The paradox of time, why we cannot imagine crossing the speed of light?

In the beginning, there is one thing that we must realize. Measuring the speed of light is impossible. The reason for that is that we should know the precise value of that thing. The speed of light is not stable. It depends on the medium where photons or light travel. Space is not a vacuum. It's full of particles and electromagnetic fields like radio waves, electrons, and photons. Those particles cause electromagnetic friction, which slows particles. 

The scattering effect where electromagnetic wave motion comes from particles makes a similar effect with air molecules on larger scale systems. That thing causes the network of radiation that slows the object's speed. 

In the beginning, there is one thing that we must realize. Measuring the speed of light is impossible. The reason for that is that we should know the precise value of that thing. The speed of light is not stable. It depends on the medium where photons or light travel. 

The problem with all theories is that their limit is in the speed of light. The speed of light is a cosmic constant. Normally we think that the speed of light is 299,792,458  m/s. And nothing can travel faster than it. Except if the particle is in the gravitation field of the black hole. The black hole will pull even photons inside it. The escaping velocity is directly proportional to the speed of the falling object. 

So in that way, thinking particles can cross the speed of light inside the Schwarzschild radius or event horizon in the black hole. The event horizon is the point where escaping velocity crosses the speed of light. But then we can think that inside the black hole or event horizon all particles including photons are traveling at the same speed. 

But when we are thinking about the form of speed we can determine that thing by using the term kinetic energy. When speed rises the mass and energy of the object rise. And that means there is some kind of energy that will move to that object. So the rise of kinetic energy requires that an object impacts something. 

Those things can be other particles, superstrings, and photons. Whenever a particle hits some other particle or superstring energy travels between those particles. And if the traveling particle has a lower energy level than the "stable particle" that means energy travels to that particle that is at the lower energy level. 

When the particle's speed rises near the speed of light. The only particle that can transfer energy to that object is a photon. That's why we cannot cross the speed of light in classic physics. The thing is that the object cannot reach the speed of the photon is that the diameter of photons is so small. 

And the surface area of the other objects is so large that energy flows away from other particles from so large areas that photons cannot replace that energy. When energy starts to flow away from a particle its speed decreases. 

So how to say speed another way? Can we say that determination for the speed is the number of impacts with photons at a certain time? 

The fact is that the speed of light is not stable. It is relatively constant. The speed of light is different in water than in air and the thin plasma of space. So if we want to create conditions where all particles are traveling at the same speed as photons we must only remove plasma or gas away from the route of the object. So if we want to cross the speed of light we must just create a channel there is an absolute vacuum or all particles and quantum fields are removed. 

The time paradox by Albert Einstein is the limit that makes us hard to imagine crossing the speed of light. Time dilation or the thing where time moves slower when the speed of particle increases is a problematic thing because the limit of that model is the speed of light. When a particle reaches the speed of light time stops. 

And if the speed of the particle crosses the speed of light that means the time should turn to travel backward. The reason for that is that the particle travels through quantum fields so often that it will load new energy onto it. And that thing decreases the vaporization or the particle's changing to wave motion. 

But then we can start to think of time dilation another way. Increasing the energy level of the particle also slows time on it. When the energy level increases level where escaping velocity is the same as the speed of light, the particle will not age anymore. 

And when the escaping velocity turns higher than the speed of light, the particle will turn younger. The reason for that is that the particle will not let energy or wave motion escape from it. 

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

How does gravitation turn opposite?

Image 1) 

In some theories, the Big Bang formed when gravitation turns to the opposite. But how time can turn the opposite? Maybe we can find that answer from inside the black hole. The black hole is the most dominant and powerful object in the universe. Even light cannot escape from there. The point where the escaping velocity turns higher than the speed of light is called the event horizon. The term Schwarzschild radius means the distance from the center of the black hole where escaping velocity reaches the speed of light. And the Schwarzschild radius is the point where the event horizon is forming. 

The black hole is dominant and mysterious, but it's also a ball. Inside every ball is the point, where is no gravitation. That means there should be that kind of bubble that we can call as Schwarschild bubble inside the black hole. The idea of the structure of the black hole is simple. 

That object looks like an onion. There are multiple cores inside that structure and each core is the speed multiplier or Lorenz factor. When an object falls into a black hole the gravitation will start to increase. And then in that environment in a certain radius from the center of the black hole the escaping velocity is rising to two, then three, four... times the speed of light. 

********************************************************************

Why can the particle travel faster than the speed of light in a black hole? But not anywhere else. 

Image 2) "Lorentz factor γ as a function of velocity. Its initial value is 1 (when v = 0); and as velocity approaches the speed of light (v → c) γ increases without bound (γ → ∞)."(Wikiwand/Lorenz factor)

Image 3) "α (Lorentz factor inverse) as a function of velocity - a circular arc". (Wikiwand/Lorenz factor)

The fact is that all particles are traveling at the same speed in the black hole. So in that place, the speed of photons and other particles is the same. And gravitation that rises escaping velocity higher than the speed of light pulls all particles including photons inside the black hole. 

Above this part is the diagram of the Lorenz factor. The Lorenz -factor tells that the particle cannot reach the speed of light because the Lorenz factor rises endlessly? The reason for that is this.  When the speed of an object closes to the speed of light. Its relative speed slows. The thing is this the energy flow that travels between photons and other objects will slow. And sooner or later that energy flow turns opposite. And photons are pulling objects back. So they can cross the speed of light only at the point of the event horizon. 

The speed of the particle is relative. In the case, where an object travels with the speed of photons, its relative speed is zero. The fact is that when the object falls into the black hole with the speed of the photons its relative speed is zero. The idea of this is this there is no speed in the universe. The speed of the object is always relative to some other objects. 

This means that when an object's relative speed to photons increases. That means its speed is slowing. When the speed of the object is the same as photons it's zero. That's why the speed of the object cannot cross the speed of light, except in the strange world behind the event horizon where escaping velocity is higher than the speed of light. 

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Lorentz_factor

*******************************************************************

This bubble would be like an onion-like entire black hole around it. The area where is a series of internal smaller and smaller black holes. And sooner or later some of the black holes that are forming this onion-shaped structure explode because they cannot get energy. But at the end of that onion-shaped structure is the final black hole that is smaller than the energy channels that are connecting quarks and gluons. 

The bubble is the point where is no gravitational field in the black hole. And that thing surrounds the center of the singularity. There is the possibility that the fast rotating singularity that surrounds this bubble is pulling energy out from the bubble. 

If that zero-gravitational bubble inside the black hole exists it surrounds the similar event horizon that surrounds the entire black hole from the outside. The energy cannot come from emptiness and sooner or later the gravitation of that surrounding singularity pulls the Schwarzschild bubble empty from the radiation. And then the black hole starts to pull space itself. Sooner or later that effect can form a hole in the spacetime of the center of the black hole. 

Or the gravitation will cause the photons are starting to fall into that hypothetical bubble.  The reason for that is that the wall of that bubble is pulling each other from another side. There is a quantum field. 

That surrounds this bubble. There is forming similar energy pikes inside the black hole that are forming at its poles. Or the origin of those radiation pikes is at the bubble inside the black hole. Then that pike will transport radiation through the black hole and away it. 

The pike will rise through the black hole. And then it can form the quantum entanglement with some particle that falls into a black hole. So that quantum entanglement can drive energy out from the black hole. The nucleus of the black hole is extremely thick. And this hypothetical bubble is inside that nucleus. 

And then sooner or later if the outcoming radiation and material cannot replace the photons that the black hole sends the singularity between that bubble starts to go thinner. And then, sooner or later that bubble will break away from the black hole. 

If a graviton is like a black hole creation of antigravitation requires that all radiation pikes of the gravitons of the material must turn out. Then the pushing force of gravitation will turn dominating. 

The gravitation requires graviton, which is a hypothetical particle. But if graviton is like a small black hole that thing can make antigravitation possible. The idea of antigravity is coming from the theory that there is an energy pike at the poles of the tensor particle called the graviton. The energy pike at the poles of the graviton would drive the quantum field away from its core. And that causes an effect, where the quantum field that travels to the pikes of the graviton causes a quantum-size low-pressure area.  

Energy travels to that area from outside. To replace the quantum field that travels to the poles of the particle. The reason why the gravitation effect that pulls an object feels stronger than the pushing gravitation is that the area of the pushing gravitational field is smaller. 

The idea of antigravity is that the gravitational radiation will turn opposite. So when the black hole explodes and the bubble inside the black hole turns to an extremely high energy level it turns all gravitons that they are turning their radiation pikes in the same direction. That thing causes the situation that the area of gravitational radiation that pushes objects away is turning all out. 

Image 1) https://australiascience.tv/why-the-general-theory-of-relativity-is-not-just-for-physicists/

Images 2 and 3) https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Lorentz_factor

Photon denies crossing the speed of light.

The image above this text introduces the time from the Big Bang. But it could also introduce how a photon stuck at the front of a particle denies crossing the speed of light. When the particle's speed closes speed of light overheats. And energy is starting to travel out from particles. 

But the main problem is that there is a quantum vacuum behind the particle where the energy starts to move. When the speed of a particle increases that quantum vacuum turns deeper. And that thing increases the speed of energy flow. So that's why the accelerating particle needs more energy when it is close to the speed of light. 

There are also the whirls behind that object. Those whirls can from new material in the universe. 

The photon that is at the front of the particle or object forms the quantum entanglement with the particle. That is at the lower energy level. That means energy flows to that particle. The thing that denies crossing the speed of light is that the energy slides over the quantum field as it makes in stealth bombers. That incoming energy forms a quantum vacuum behind the particle that is closing the speed of light. And that quantum vacuum behind the particle is slowing its speed. 

So the energy flow that is impacting with particle should turn the particle to a higher energy level. But the problem is that it cannot store in that particle. When the particle is closing the speed of light its quantum field turns elongate. And that makes the quantum field acts like the stealth bomber's shape. 

The electromagnetic or quantum vacuum behind the particle slows it. 

Energy flows over that quantum field. And that thing causes the quantum vacuum behind the particle. The only place in the universe is the wormhole or black hole where all particles are traveling at the same speed. 

There is the possibility that if in that quantum channel or quantum vacuum is a transmitter the straight wave movement. That thing removes the quantum vacuum and the particle would fly with the same speed as photons. 

When we are thinking about the particle that is closing the speed of light. We can think that the doppler effect where the wave movement forms a thing that is like a wall. Doppler effect is one of the things. That denies the crossing speed of the light. 

The thing is that when we are thinking about the tachyon-photon-Higgs boson transformation chain we can think that when the spacecraft or some other particle will close to the speed of light the tachyon falls from the fourth dimension stays at the front of the particle. 

Then the photon would form the quantum entanglement with the doppler wall and the particles that are closing the speed of light. Because the photon's energy level is higher than the particle's energy level that thing pulls the particle back to the third dimension.  

****************************************************************

The fourth dimension is the energy level where material jumps out from the third dimension. 

Or otherwise saying the material loses its ability to interact with the third-dimensional particles. The reason for that is the difference between the energy level of those two particles turns too long. And they cannot interact with each other. 

The wave movement that the fourth-dimensional particle sends is at the too-high energy level. And it sends so high energy wave movement that the wave movement cannot interact. The frequency or wavelength of that radiation is almost straight or the waves are too close to each other that they cannot interact with regular material. That wavelength would be shorter than gamma-rays. And its energy level is far higher than the gamma-rays. 

********************************************************************

That thing means. The photon is between the particle, doppler-field, and tachyon. Transports energy from the fourth dimension to the third dimension. The energy travels to the lower energy level and that energy denies that the particles except photons cannot reach even the speed of light.

When a photon has trapped the front of the particle. Energy flows from the photon to the particle. The energy or wave movement travels over the quantum field. Back to the particle and causing an electromagnetic vacuum that is pulling the particle backward. So when the particle is closing at the speed of light. 

It cannot even reach the doppler wall because there is a photon between that wall and the particle. That doppler field will get its energy from the hypothetical tachyon particle. 

So when tachyon drops from the fourth dimension it must also travel through that doppler wall. So its energy level must turn low enough that it can fall through that doppler wave. And during that process, it turns into the Higgs boson. 

When the particle is closing the speed of light. There is the possibility. That at the front of it is stuck the photon. That photon can cause the speed of light cannot cross. But that thing is one of the most interesting things in the world. Because, if there is the possibility to transfer energy to that particle from sideways. Or the electromagnetic vacuum behind that particle is filled allowing crossing the speed of light. 

https://scitechdaily.com/images/Galaxy-HD1-in-Timeline-of-Universe-1536x768.jpg

A couple of words about the black hole engines

The Doppler-effect can cause the object cannot to cross the speed of light.

The black hole engines are still at a purely theoretical level. The thing that can deny crossing the speed of light can be found in the Doppler-effect. When an object moves to the observer the wave movement that goes to the observer turns shorter. That effect would make the light wall. 

The reason why extremely high speed stops the time. Is that the object travels with the speed of its wave movement. When the object is closing the speed of light is starts to push wave movement and photons along the quantum fields ahead of it. That wave movement would create a wall that makes it impossible to cross the speed of light. 

When the energy of the object is higher than its environment. That thing causes that energy is flowing out from the object. That thing causes the pushing effect at the front of the object. So for crossing the speed of light the craft must turn to lower energy than its environment. If the energy travels to the craft. That thing can make it possible to travel across the wave that travels at the front of the craft. Or otherwise, the wave that travels ahead of the craft must just be pulled in the craft.

But how to make that thing? There is theoretically possible to create the craft that can make that thing. But it requires a black hole for driving. The black holes are suitable for the futuristic and hypothetical engines that make it possible to travel inside the solar system. The gravitational engines are simply two objects that are orbiting each other. And they would make the gravitational waves to the engine. 

WARP-bubble just removes electromagnetic waves inside it. And that makes the light is traveling in it faster than outside the WARP bubble. 

WARP bubble is required for crossing the speed of light. The WARP bubble is the electromagnetic vacuum that denies quantum friction. But the WARP bubble makes it possible to travel back in time. The thing that makes the WARP bubble give the craft or its exhaust particles the speed that is faster than light is that there are no quantum fields inside that bubble. That means light is traveling faster in that bubble than outside it. And that makes the WARP bubble so powerful effect.  

So that means the system requires WARP-bubble for crossing the speed of light. The problem with the WARP bubble is this. If it forms around immobile object energy travels away from that object. So if we would raise the energy level of the things like protons or electrons too fast. That thing will make the shock wave around that object. And that shockwave is the electromagnetic vacuum. 

Energy travels away from the object. And this detonates material. The problem with WARP bubbles is that they are easy to form around electrons and protons. But they are quite hard to create around the craft that weight is thousands or even millions of tonnes. 

 If the WARP bubble is forming around the stable object. That matter is starting to lose its energy. So denying the detonation requires the energy that material loses must replace by pumping it to material from somewhere. If that thing is possible, that allows us to travel back in time. 

Traveling forward in time is far easier. The time dilation makes it possible to travel far to the future. But making time move faster than outside is a problematic thing. 

H.G Wells' fictional time machine

The fictional "Event Horizon" is more of a time machine, than the faster- than light spacecraft. 

The next writing is purely theoretical. Proving those things requires very advanced technology and also time must be real. If time is energy level in the material time travel is not possible. But if we are thinking that we will increase the energy load to the material the size of the quarks is turning other than visible material. And that thing turns the craft invisible. Also, even the black hole engine cannot cross the speed of light. The black holes can use to make the craft invisible and they can create extremely strong time dilation. 

The thing in black holes would be that. The wave movement and radiation would travel to the black hole. If there is a crew in our hypothetical spacecraft. That radiation acts as the carrier wave. That synchronizes the EEG of the crew. And if there are two crew members in line. The person who stands behind others can control the person who is in line to the black hole. But the others see the mind of the person who stands behind them from the black hole. 

In the movie "Event horizon" the spacecraft is getting energy from the artificial black hole. The black hole would be inside the spacecraft and then its radiation pike will push the craft forward. The "wings" of the craft will take energy from the black hole's halo. And that halo would also turn quantum fields to whiling. 

That thing would make the spacecraft fly faster than light. The radiation pike will conduct to the tube where quantum fields are removed and that makes it possible that gamma or X-ray impulses from the craft will travel faster than light. The thing is that this kind of craft cannot travel faster than the speed of light. But it would be an otherwise extremely capable system. 

The halo of the black hole is a whirl of the particles that makes the Tipler cylinder around the craft. So the craft can travel extremely close to the speed of light. And then the Tipler cylinder or fast rotating particle whirl causes time dilation. And that kind of craft could virtually travel faster than light. That thing could turn that system into a time machine. The idea is taken from H.G Well's "Time machine". There is one plate that rotates with the speed of light. And that causes time dilation. 

Another cylinder that is transversely in front of the dashboard would cause another time dilation. So if the sum of the speed of those cylinders is higher than the speed of light that should turn the craft traveling faster than light virtually. That means the craft will travel to Alpha Centauri minimum of 4,5 years and people outside it will age 9 years. But the crew inside the craft will not be aging. 

So if the time is real and affects space that means the speed of light could deny that crew will not age. And then the time machine returns them to the past. And that thing means that those people will not ever visit or even leave their homes. But that thing is purely theoretical. For proving those things technology should advance very much. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipler_cylinder

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_drive

Images: Pinterst

https://thoughtandmachines.blogspot.com/

 

Are anyons the key to axions the hypothetical particles that can solve at least part of the mystery of dark matter?

Are anyons the key to axions the hypothetical particles that can solve at least part of the mystery of dark matter?

The idea of dark matter is that is like the imaginary version of the material. The thing is that the dark matter could be a higher or lower energetic version of the material. And the reason why we cannot see that material is that its elementary particles are a different size than the particles that we can see. 

So theoretically, if we want to create dark matter we must "just" increase or decrease the energy level of the quarks. And that thing adjusts the size of the quantum field of those particles. That should turn material invisible because it reflects the wavelength that is away from the visible electromagnetic spectrum. 

The anyons are 2D particles that might be key to the most interesting hypothetical particle in the world, the hypothetical axion. The 2D anyon particle is like the quantum field that is flattened because of some kind of impact by some other particle. The question is can any elementary particle smash to 2D form. And could that form be stable? The thing is that we are used to that everything in our 3D world being 3D. 

And that means anyons are not belonging to our world. The anyon is like the quantum field that is forming around something. And could that "something" be the thing that makes quarks come together and form the protons and neutrons?

Tachyon visualization. (Wikipedia, Tachyons). 

Could hypothetical axion be the particle that collects quarks around it? If that is true the axion forms material like protons and neutrons. 

The idea is that the hypothetical axion particle would be the tunnel that the hypothetical tachyon (faster than light particle) is leaving behind when that hypothetical particle visits the 3D universe. The idea is this. Normally, theoretical axions would detonate immediately. 

And send the radiation that is called dark energy. But if there are three quarks and the gluons are starting to travel between those quarks. That thing sends energy to the axion. But this thing cannot be proven until axions and tachyons are found. 

Is dark matter- or the source of dark energy the tachyons that are "visiting" in the 3D universe? That thing can maybe someday be proven right or wrong.

And why that strange anyon-particle could be the key to axions? Can we say that the material can have minus or plus dimensions that we cannot see? The thing is that there is suspicion that axions are the key to dark matter as I wrote at the beginning of the text. But the thing is that axions might be even the greater thing. They might be the key to another hypothetical particle called tachyons. I am written many times about those hypothetical faster-than-light particles. 

There is one little-known hypothesis about the tachyons. The idea is that sometimes the tachyon visits our universe. And that visit is the thing that is delivering the radiation that forms dark matter. The idea is in tachyon symmetry that should explain why no particle cannot cross the speed of light. The idea of tachyon symmetry is that when the particle is closing the speed of light it would pull the tachyon to it. The idea is that the tachyon creates superposition with that particle. 

And then the energy starts to flow to the lower energetic particle. The thing is that the superstring or bridge that connects the practice to tachyon is the reason why particles from our dimension cannot cross that cosmic speed limit. When they are coming near the speed of light tachyon pushes particles back. The reason for that would be the wave movement behind the tachyon. If the speed of the particle of the 3D universe will start to slow very fast. That thing causes that tachyon will slip into the three-dimensional universe. 

So the axion would be the energy tunnel that is forming when a hypothetical tachyon particle would slip into the 3D universe and then return its tachyon universe. In that case, the tachyon would form a small radiation pike that looks like bone. And then that thing can "vaporize" immediately.  But there is possible. What if there is outcoming energy that axion could turn stable. So if we think like this the axions are the thing that is pulling quarks around them and the axions would turn stable if they get energy from gluons. 

So could that thing be true? Proving that thing requires that the axions or tachyons would be proven. But the idea about axions as the base element of the material is fascinating. But as you see this writing is only the theoretical thinking about those things. 

https://astronomy.com/news/2020/12/physicists-prove-the-existence-of-two-dimensional-particles-called-anyons

https://www.livescience.com/imaginary-numbers-needed-to-describe-reality

https://phys.org/news/2021-10-strategy-non-conformist-particles-anyons.html

https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-anyon-particles-emerge-from-quantum-knots-20170228/

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/collisions-reveal-new-evidence-anyon-quasiparticles-existence

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/welcome-anyons-physicists-find-best-evidence-yet-for-long-sought-2d-structures/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon

The new double-stars can answer why ELM (Extremely Low-Mass White Dwarfs) seems to be older than the universe?

The new double-stars can answer why ELM (Extremely Low-Mass White Dwarfs) seems to be older than the universe?

How do some stars seem more distant than they are? The answer could be. That things like the gravitational effects of black holes and other objects are causing the situation. That light or photons would not travel all the time at the same speed. In this case, where backward coming gravitational effect repeats billions of times. During hundreds of billions of light-years that can cause measurement errors. 

The ELM (Extremely Low-Mass White Dwarfs) dwarfs cause a headache for physicists and astronomers. Because forming of those stars should require that universe should be elder. The ELM-dwarfs are causing the formation of the so-called "infinity theory" that all matter in the universe didn't take part in the Big Bang. 

In that theory, material existed before the Big Bang. But was it dark matter or visible material is not the answer. The thing is that ELM-stars. And some other stars that seem to be older than the universe are causing many theories. One of the reasons why some stars might look being older than they are. Is that the distance to those stars is estimated wrong. 

When physicists calculate the distance to the objects that are far away they maybe forget the effect of the gravitation. Gravitation affects the trajectory of photons. And also if the gravitation comes from backward that thing slows the photons. 

Maybe that thing has no meaning in the regular measurements.  But if the distance to the object is hundreds of billions of light-years. Even the weakest effects like planetary gravitational fields can cause errors in measurements if those errors repeat hundreds of millions of times and the distance to object is billions of light-years that thing affects measurements because light travels to Earth slower than it should.

The new type of double star also gives answers to the question. Why do ELM stars seem to be older than the universe?

When the material is traveling from the normal part of the binary star to the more massive object. It would also start to heat. During that process that material is sending radiation and there is also happens nuclear fusion. So the transfer of energy between stars is not one-way. Nuclear fusions happen also when material drops to the surface of white dwarfs. 

So the black holes are not only objects that send the high-energetic radiation. When the material is dropping to the surface of the white dwarf it turns thicker. Sooner or later the pressure and heat cause the explosion or nuclear reaction that sends the infrared radiation to the bigger object. 

That process turns the normal part of a binary star hotter than it should. And it can act differently than lone stars while it goes out from the main series. The smaller but heavier object is pulling material away from the star. And that decreases its mass. This kind of thing can cause. That massive star will lose so much mass that it turns to ELM. 

http://jjherm.es/research/elmwds.html

https://phys.org/news/2021-12-astronomers-binary-star.html

https://www.space.com/how-can-a-star-be-older-than-the-universe.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram

Image: https://phys.org/news/2021-12-astronomers-binary-star.html

The black hole can turn material younger. But it cannot fix the broken glasses.

 The black hole can turn material younger. But it cannot fix the broken glasses. 

The material is turning younger. If its speed crosses the speed of light. And that is possible only if we will drop it to the black hole. Or shoot it against the wall where it can virtually cross the speed of light we mean that we can turn fundamental particles like electrons or quarks or hadrons younger. 

So even the best researchers cannot fix things like drinking glass by using that method. Expanding the lifetime of neutron or proton is possible by shooting them with radiation. 

That thing means that we could reload the quantum field of the single fermions or hadrons by stressing them with radiation. But fixing things like dropped glasses or broken things is impossible because it requires traveling back in time. And that thing is impossible. We could theoretically create the box where the quantum fields are removed but that causes that energy travels from material faster to that box. 

And the material is aging. But for seeing the broken glass will fix again requires that the entire space is traveling back in time. And that thing requires faster-than speed of light travel which is impossible. Or maybe we can jump in the black hole and then travel back in time behind the event horizon where the escaping velocity is higher than the speed of light. 

So in this model, the black hole would not have its radiation zone. And no material drops in the black hole. And in that case, the astronaut would face the event horizon with a speed that is 99,99% of the speed of light. 

That keeps the acceleration gentle. So when an astronaut drops through the event horizon that person would not see anything. But if our astronaut looks backward. There is the possibility to see to the past. Or is it possible? The astronaut travels in the black hole with a speed. That is the same as photons. And that means the astronaut cannot see a thing because photons are hovering around that astronaut. 

And the only way where astronauts can travel is to the center of singularity. Logically thinking inside the event horizon the time moves backward. The reason for that is that the escaping velocity is higher than the speed of light. When the escaping velocity is the same. As the speed of light. Time is stopped. And when it turns higher, it turns to travel backward. 

In that case, our astronaut will come out from the black hole at the moment that is formed. That means our astronaut will live and feel good in the past. This is the simplified model where the information is not destroyed in the black hole. 

When we are thinking, that black holes destroy information. We should find out does that thing happens in the material disk? Or does it happen inside the event horizon? And what destroys information? 

The thing is that there is the theory that the event horizon is formed of the wave movement. In that case, the extremely powerful gravitation will cause that particles are starting to rotate the center of the black hole at the same speed as escaping velocity.

So if the escaping velocity is higher than the speed of light. That causes that the particles are starting to tunnel. While they orbit around the nucleus of the black hole. And that tunneling effect will stretch them to strings. And maybe those hypothetical strings are forming material near the black hole. In that case, the black hole affects the similar way to visible and dark material. 

Is it the gravitation that pulls the wave movement straight? Or is it the material that whirls around a black hole and impacts with particles that are dropping in it? Or maybe the radiation that orbits the singularity is the thing that destroys the data. 

The name of the game is how to make the energy travel from the environment to the particle. (Quantum engines)

 The name of the game is how to make the energy travel from the environment to the particle. (Quantum engines)

The most important thing about the speed is that the acceleration continues. Until energy starts to travel from particles to their environment. This thing means that the extremely cold particle flies to a longer distance than warm particles. The energy will continue to travel to the bullet until it reaches energy stability. And then, the flow of energy turns away from the particle. 

This is the thing that is making the particle slow. The kinetic energy is starting to travel from the particle to its environment. And that thing is making the slowing of the particle.

So the thing is that creating the quantum annealing effect around the particle or some other object makes it possible to accelerate the speed to an extremely high level. So the thing that can make it possible to create the next generation space systems is to use the extremely low energetic particles backward. 

The low energetic particle would pull energy to itself and that will accelerate its speed. But that thing requires that the kinetic energy must replace by using some other acceleration method. And it's impossible to make this kind of thing real in nature. 

But if there is someday possible to make the zero energetic particles that would not have kinetic energy. And which can move backward that thing could make it possible to create the faster-than-light rocket. That kind of engine is against natural laws. The zero-energetic particle cannot kick the rocket forward. 

The energy vampire is the thing that is making it possible to create the zero-energetic particles that are making the "faster-than-speed-of-light" exhaust gas possible. The idea is that the ion engine will kick those particles to the speed that is so close to the speed of light as possible. Then the temperature of those particles will decrease as low as possible. That should make them travel at extremely high speed.

But that thing is very hard to make. The system should kick those particles with very fast speed and same time pull the other energy away from the body of the spacecraft. That thing would cause that energy around the body would travel to the core of the craft. 

The thing that slows the particles is the same thing that denies crossing the speed of light. That thing is the crossing quantum field. Those crossing quantum fields are making the particles impossible to cross the cosmic speed limit. 

But there has been made the idea that the energy of the spacecraft body would put to zero-point or zero level and the gas or ions around it can same time anneal. That thing is meant to make the quantum field pass the craft. 

There is made many attempts to create faster than the speed of light spacecraft. The most promising of them are the hypothetical Kugelblitz- and WARP drives. Hypothetical "Kugelbitz" is the black hole-based system. Or actually, it's the group of the hypothetical black hole- or ion-based systems. Are planned to accelerate the speed of exhaust gas. And make faster-than-light travel possible. 

Maybe those systems cannot ever make that thing. But if they can accelerate the craft to speed that is a couple of percent of the speed of light those systems can open the road to the entire solar system. And even if the stars are too far those systems can be more powerful tools than any rocket. That has been created before. 

In the most futuristic versions of the engine, the nozzle is formed the black hole. And the exhaust gas of rockets will accelerate by using that system. The most conventional models in the rocket engine will position the Wigner or time crystal. If the protons are shot to time crystal that thing can accelerate their speed. 

Or some extremely electronegative particles would inject at the front of the exhaust gas. If the positive ions will launch at the front of the negative ions. 

That thing can increase the speed of the negative ions. Also, those crossing ion flows can use to form the fusion reaction behind the craft.  And that thing is making it possible to accelerate the ionized exhaust gas of the rocket engine to extremely high speed. 

https://www.space.com/24306-interstellar-flight-black-hole-power.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_drive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner_crystal

The thoughts about dimensions

http://kimmontaidearvioita.blogspot.com/p/the-thoughts-about-dimensions.html

Kimmo Huosionmaa

The fourth dimension is the little bit difficult to explain to people because we cannot see it. We cannot imagine the fourth dimension, because nobody ever has visited there. When we are thinking about modeling that thing, we cannot make it in here. The reason for that is same as the modeling three dimension pictures in two dimension layer, and that's why every time when we want to make 3D pictures, we need hologram system, or we must make midget model for that object.


We know that the fourth dimension exists, and we can see the shadow of that space. When we are thinking about the shape of the fourth dimension, we might think that there would be intelligent species, what might be similar as we are. But this is only speculation. In some theories, the God is the thing, what lives in the fourth dimension. But this is only speculation. When we are thinking about the species, what lives in the fourth dimension, and think that species is similar as we are, we might face the situation, that the shape of that species is different than we have.


In the worst situation, we might destroy entire our universe, if we would try to open the wormhole to the fourth dimension. If that alien is made of antimatter, the explosion would destroy the even entire galaxy. There are rumors that those aliens have been visited in our universe, but that is only speculation. If those aliens, what are living in the fourth dimension would exist, the communication with them would be extremely difficult. The shape of the fourth dimension is like the room, what is separated from other space. We would see the wall of that room, but we can not get in there.


And some physics believe that the speed of light is the wall. Getting in the fourth dimension we must travel the speed, what would be breaking the speed of light. And the easiest way is to drive spaceship straight into the black hole. Or the spaceship itself would be turned to the black hole by pumping there the massive number of electrons. The mass of that spaceship would be rise high enough, that it slips in the fourth dimension, hat would take centuries by using nowadays technology, and that's why this trip would not be realistic in the near future.


Another way to break this cosmic speed limit is to build the huge spaceship, what travels the 99% speed of light. And then the massive gauss gun, or particle accelerator, what is connected to that spaceship would shoot the module by 50% of the speed of light. That would allow breaking the cosmic speed limit. But this is only speculation, and that kind of trip would be possible in the distant future.


 The last thing, what could be possible even with our own technology is to make small size transmitter by using nanotechnology and then accelerate that thing to the speed of light in the Hadron-type accelerator. Then we could send the message to the fourth dimension. In this case, that miniaturized transmitter, what travels inside the accelerator would act as the relay for those transmissions, what would first send to that probe, and then it would send the message to the fourth dimension.


But this would be extremely dangerous because if something goes wrong and the pea size device would impact the wall of the accelerator in the speed of light, would it cause the huge explosion, and destruction in large areas. And in the worst case entire Earth would be destroyed, if the electricity of control magnets would be cut. But this is only speculation, and in real life, we don't know are those aliens real and are those aliens kind or even interested of us. But this is a good way to spend time.

One of the weirdest particle in the universe: The quantum star

Picture 1

Kimmo Huosionmaa

In the universe is a star, so weird that it can almost make black holes look like boring. This star is so-called “grey hole” or quark star, what is the end of life of the star, what is too heavy to become the neutron star but too light to become a neutron star, when the nuclear reactions inside the star have been ended. In this star type the neutrons were crushed as the quarks, but the gravity is not strong enough to make the black hole. The photons can escape from this tiny piece surface, but the escaping speed is near the speed of the light, and that slows the photons very much.

This kind of star is smaller than the neutron star, and its gravity is more massive than neutron stars ever have. Those quark stars might look like small asteroids, and in some science fiction scenes, the spacecraft will make mistake and lands on that little star, what is mistakenly thought as the asteroid. The massive gravitation on that small star surface makes that object look like stoned, because the time on the surface of that object will slower, and there might be nuclear reactions on the quark stars surface.


Those reactions cause the reason for the gas and dust will fall in the surface of that star, and the massive gravitational field will start to press them down. And in this case, there will be high energy nuclear reactions on the surface of that star. In this scenario, the escaping speed from the surface of that star is 99% of speed of light, and in that case, those flares and things, what will happen on the surface of that piece looks like stoned, because the time will run slower on the surface of that star than in another universe.


The quark stars are the weirdest objects in the universe. And in some cases, that kind of star will get in the cosmic gas cloud, and then it will start symmetrically pull gas on its surface, and the result might be the blue giant, what is larger than our solar system. The pressure of the gas caused the massive gravity of the quark star, and that phenomenon will cause the massive energy production inside that massive star. The fallen material will grow the mass of quark star and sooner or later it will collapse as the black hole.

Sources: Picture 1 https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/nicer/quark.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_star

https://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/