Einstein’s light cone and five-dimensional spacetime.

“Light cone in 2D space plus a time dimension, more commonly referred to as ‘space time’” (Wikipedia)

The light cone introduces the model. That time focuses information on the hypersurface of the present. But why can't we see into the past or future? Entropy is introduced as the reason for. Why can't we see the future? Or to the past. This means that entropy scatters information into such a small mosaic and twists it. That information exists. But. We cannot collect it into a form. That. We can use it. 

Term spacetime, or. Space time. Means the space and time. “In physics, spacetime, also called the space-time continuum, is a mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum. Spacetime diagrams are useful in visualizing and understanding relativistic effects, such as how different observers perceive where and when events occur.” (Wikipedia, spacetime)

There is a connection between time and space, and Einstein explained that connection by describing time as the fourth dimension. And maybe we should say that the time that travels forward or to the future is the fourth dimension. The arrow of time, as Eddington explains, states that when time moves forward, the arrow of time moves time backward. 

The arrow of time introduces black holes as a place where time appears to travel backward. That means that black holes can be seen as things. That pushes time forward. Time dilation causes that. When. The escape velocity turns higher. Than. The speed of light, time starts to travel backward. 

Above the gravitational pothole is the model of spacetime near the gravitational center. The black hole should turn the walls of the pothole. Through. Each other. That means its gravity field turns information around like a magnifying glass. 

Three versions of our point in relation to the light cone and the metasurface of the present. Each of those models is based on the model that there are five dimensions. Three of those dimensions are in space. And two are in time. 

1) If information focuses on the hypersurface of the present, it can act like an electromagnetic field. If information forms. Some kind. Of “electric arc”. We can be in a bubble. That denies us. From. Seeing the future or the past. That information focus that is behind or in front of us is so “bright” that we cannot see through it. 

2) Another model is that. We aren’t exactly on the information focus. If. We are in a place. Where. The information focus is behind. Or forward to us. That means we cannot see through that point. But the interesting model is that information should. Turn around. When. It travels through the metasurface of the present. 

3) The entropic model is that. Every single particle, or object in the universe. Are on. Its own metasurface of the present. Or, maybe we should say that the metasuface. The present is a complex entirety of structures. This means it's full of information focus points. And those focuses cause very high entropy.  

But. Then we can. Start. To. Think. About. Light cone. This model. Explains that the information focus is at the point of the hypersurface of the present. But are we on the hypersurface of the present? That is an interesting question. The idea is that information focus happens on that hypersurface. When time arrows touch each other, that event forms a structure. That is like when a magnifying glass focuses sunlight. Sometimes it is suggested that the material and the Big Bang formed when the light cone touched the hypersurface of the present. But why can't we see the future? The answer can be in entropy. And another thing is this: Materia is like a frozen electric arc. 

When we think about time dilation. And the hypersurface of the present. Time moves faster. At 30 cm above sea level. We can think. That. If the focus that forms when the light cone focuses information on the hypersurface of the present, the geometrical model of time in our universe is a ball. We are like in the middle of a giant electric arc, which could describe the geometrical model of time in the hypersurface of the present. There are actually three models of time, or how information focuses on the hypersurface. In those models, we are in the middle of a giant bubble, or we are not precise in the metasurface of the present. 

That means there is. Some kind. Of. Time focuses information behind. Or/and forward of us, if we think. That we travel in space from the past to the future. That focus. Denies us. To see the future. Another model is that the hypersurface of the present is not sharp. That means the universe is full of focuses that focus information from the future. And from the past. This is one of the attempts.  To introduce the nature of time or the geometry of time. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation

Spacetime’s two faces can look similar, but they are not the same.

 Spacetime’s two faces can look similar, but they are not the same. 

"This animation of DESI's 3D map of the large-scale structure in the Universe, the largest such map to date, was created with the intention of studying dark energy and its possible evolution. However, although they found evidence for dark energy evolving, that's likely due to the assumption that it's dark energy's evolution that's causing the discrepancies in the data compared to our standard cosmological model. This is not necessarily the case." (BigThink, Ask Ethan: Is dark energy no longer a cosmological constant?)

Can the dark energy be some kind of cosmic constant? 

There is one thing that can interact with dark energy. That is another dark energy wave package. When those wave packages impact, that thing can form the shockwaves. That can increase the dark energy’s energy level. But if De Sitter space impacts with anti-De Sitter space, can that image also introduce that thing? 

One of the key elements in quantum models is this: when something goes in a certain direction. Somewhere, something moves in the opposite direction. That is the model of the Arrow of time. And if we want to expand that model in the superstring theory, we can think that when energy moves in the hollow superstring, that means energy moves in the opposite direction on that string’s shells. That forms wave movement in that string’s shell. Those waves form a quantum vacuum. Behind those waves. And can that vacuum be the mysterious negative energy? And can that thing be the negative energy? Or maybe the dark energy? 

The energy level and density of the object determine the strength of the dark energy interaction with visible particles and energy. That means dark energy is not homogeneous. There is a model that black holes can transform matter into dark energy. That explains cosmic hickups. This means dark energy can interact with matter, like gravity interacts with particles. That could mean that the dark energy is the mythic negative energy.   

The question should be: Can the interaction between dark energy be stronger in some places than in others? Near objects with high density, dark energy might have higher interaction than in places where density is low. The high energy level means that energy density is higher. Than in low-energy places. In a high-energy area, dark and visible energy interaction should be stronger. Near black holes, dark energy should have the strongest possible interaction. 

However, in very dense and hot objects, visible energy is obscured by dark energy under it. That means we should know how much energy material that falls into the black hole forms. And then we should calculate visible energy, or wave movement into that energy level. And if we measure higher energy levels, that means the dark energy produces that extra energy. Practically, that is very hard to make. 

Dark energy should be denser in some areas than in other places. Black holes should pack that energy into a denser form. Gravity centers also pull dark matter inside them. That means there are axions or WIMP collisions . And that should create wave movement. It could be that the dark energy source is the dark matter particle collisions. But those hypothetical WIMPs and axions are theoretical particles. Maybe dark energy interacts more strongly near high-energy objects.

The universe is part of spacetime. That means there should be an antiverse. The place where everything goes oppositely. When something moves in some direction, that means that thing’s mirror image or particle should move in the opposite direction. The idea of the anti-universe and the universe is taken from the supernova explosions. Those explosions from the time glass-shaped structures. And that means the Big Bang should create two universes.Same way, when a superstring moves in the space-time, it moves things around it in the opposite direction.  

“In mathematical physics, n-dimensional de Sitter space (often denoted dSn) is a maximally symmetric Lorentzian manifold with constant positive scalar curvature. It is analogue of an n-sphere, with a Lorentzian metric in place of the Riemannian metric of the latter.” (Wikipedia, De Sitter space)

“The main application of de Sitter space is its use in general relativity, where it serves as one of the simplest mathematical models of the universe consistent with the observed accelerating expansion of the universe. More specifically, de Sitter space is the maximally symmetric vacuum solution of Einstein's field equations in which the cosmological constant” (Wikipedia, De Sitter space)

So if there is a so-called Anti-De Sitter universe or anti-De Sitter space, that thing can pull De Sitter space into it. In that case, impacting De Sitter and anti-De Sitter forms the parabolic or hyperbolic curves. When those curves impact. That impact can form a wave movement across the spacetime. The idea is that mirror-spaces also pull each other together. And they act like matter and antimatter. 

“In theoretical physics, the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence (frequently abbreviated as AdS/CFT) is a conjectured relationship between two kinds of physical theories. On one side are anti-de Sitter spaces (AdS) that are used in theories of quantum gravity, formulated in terms of string theory or M-theory. On the other side of the correspondence are conformal field theories (CFT) that are quantum field theories, including theories similar to the Yang–Mills theories that describe elementary particles” (Wikipedia, AdS/CFT correspondence)

There is a possibility that there are two universes. Those universes might look similar, but their interactions are opposite. Same way, if negative energy exists. That energy can cause a similar interaction with the visible energy. Positive energy pushes things away. Negative energy pulls positive energy to it. The negative energy can look like positive energy, but its interaction is opposite. That is the energy dualism. Or energy has two faces. Those faces look the same. But they are not the same. Spacetime might have two faces. Spacetime is the space where we live. 

The nature of dark energy causes discussions. That means dark energy can be something very extraordinary to us. Can dark energy be so-called negative energy? Could that thing be true? The idea is that the negative energy could be the quantum vacuum that forms behind the superstrings? When superstrings travel through the universe, that thing is like all other strings. There should form a small quantum low region behind that thing. 

There is a theory about the universe and the anti-universe. In that theory, when something goes forward in the quantum world, something goes opposite in some other place. When time moves forward. In our universe, in another universe. Time moves backward. If we think about string theory and the model of hollow superstrings, we must realize that when energy moves in some direction in the superstring, that means the energy moves in the opposite direction at the string shell. This is the idea of the time arrow. And that can be the key also to dark energy. 

If we follow that model, the negative energy can seem like regular energy. If negative energy moves as pulses, that means. Its interaction looks like a visible energy interaction. When energy or wave movement travels in the universe, energy moves to those waves that are like strings. That means the string sends its extra energy to the environment. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/dark-energy-no-longer-constant/

https://www.livescience.com/mirror-universe-explains-dark-matter

https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/black-holes-that-transform-matter-into-dark-energy-could-solve-cosmic-hiccups-mystery/ar-AA1L7eEL?ocid=BingNewsSerp

https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-two-faces-of-space-time-20240925/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdS/CFT_correspondence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-de_Sitter_space

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Sitter_space

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Is time another dimension?

 

The answer is no. Time is not just a dimension. Time affects in the same way in all dimensions if we think that time is an energy or wave motion flowing away from particles. When time started in the Big Bang energy started to flow away from the plasma ball that turned into the universe. Or actually, the universe is still the giant plasma ball. 

The reason, why the universe loses its mass is that at the far edge of the plasma the Big Bang was released. Nothing will break the speed of light or particles. There are no quantum fields that can put limits on the speed of particles. And outside the universe is the place where photons and all other particles can travel at the same speed. 

Because material at the outer edge of the universe is traveling faster than inside it. The universe loses its mass. But then we must realize that the time is different outside the plasma ball called the universe.

 Because there is no plasma or quantum field material vaporizes or turns to wave motion very fast. The thing that limits the vaporization is the energy that comes from outside to the particle. And there are no known energy sources outside the universe. 

But then we can think that the fourth dimension is the energy level where the particle lost its ability to interact with particles that are in the third dimension. So when the particle jumps to the fourth dimension the connection between it and the observer is lost. 

Observation is the same thing as interaction. And the loss of interaction between particle and observer means that observer cannot see that particle anymore. The fact is that material vaporizes or loses energy in the fourth dimension in the same way as it loses in the third dimension. 

When we are talking about time dilation we mean the phenomenon where time moves slower on the particle that moves faster. The fact is that also energy stress causes time dilation. And otherwise, we can say that time dilation is slowing the material's vaporization by increasing its energy level. The fact is that the energy pump to the material cannot continue forever. 

Sooner or later the energy starts to flow out from the material. And it turns into wave motion. It's theoretically possible, that some particles can exist forever. But, that thing requires that particles get more energy from somewhere. The fact is that there is no endless energy in the fourth dimension. 

The energy or possible material expands in the fourth dimension the same way as it does in the third dimension. The reason why particles can travel long distances in a shorter time in the fourth dimension is that the energy level of that dimension is higher. And time moves slower in that dimension. Theoretically, we could make material younger by just conducting energy to it. 

But the thing is that cosmic inflation causes that material is vaporizing. And for making material or particles that exist forever requires that energy is coming from the fourth dimension. The particle turns younger so long as energy flows into it. And the material is aging when energy starts to flow away from it. 

Three-dimensional objects have height, width, and depth. The vaporization or energy flow away from the particles or material continues until the material turns to a point called dimension zero. At that point, the only thing that is left is the point. In the second dimension, the particles or material is flat and there is only the width and length left. And in the zeroth dimension, the material also loses its width. 

And the only thing that is left is simply the point. But as I many times wrote. We cannot model the fourth dimension in the three-dimensional spacetime. We can create only objects that have height, width, and depth. 

We cannot model any other dimensions in the three-dimensional spacetime. We cannot make points without width or height. For creating a real 2D object. Or an object without height. That requires computer screens.  If we try to draw a 2D object we are facing one thing. The pen leaves a small hill on paper. And that's why making real 2D objects requires a computer screen. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/time-dimension/

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

 

Scientists are quite sure. That the wormhole or Einstein-Rose bridge through the universe is possible.

The first question about the wormhole is what it is(1)? The answer is that the wormhole would be the extreme version of quantum tunneling(2). The reason why the light will travel faster in the wormhole. Is that the number of crossing quantum fields in that tube is removed. And there is nothing that can break the particles in that channel. 

Or otherwise, the real wormhole would be a stretched black hole. That means the real wormhole would be the channel that forms between superpositioned and entangled black holes. In some theories, wormholes can transfer material only in one direction. The other side of the wormhole would be the white hole(3). 

If somebody tries to dive into a white hole. The incoming particles will crush that thing immediately. The white hole would be the side of wormholes where particles are coming out. The thing that supports the theory of white holes is the Hawking radiation (4). 

Are wormholes forming between superpositioned and entangled black holes? 

The other theory is that the source of Hawking radiation is in the particles that are whirling near the event horizon. But there is the possibility. That the source of that radiation is in the white hole inside the black hole's singularity. So the energy and information travel in that system as it would travel in the superpositioned and entangled particles. So the wormhole would form between superpositioned and entangled black holes. 

So the wormhole would be two channels that are behaving like power fields in the superpositioned entangled particle. And if the traveler would choose the wrong channel. 

That thing would crush travelers immediately. That means. The white hole is the outcoming channel of the material. That would be next to the black hole that is pulling material in the other channel. The thing that supports this theory is the Hawking radiation or radiation that comes out from the black hole. 

There are two types of wormholes: electromagnetic wormholes that are proven things. Electromagnetic wormholes are the radiation channels through the universe. But the real gravitational wormholes are not yet proven. 

x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x

The theory of the forming of a wormhole would be simple. 

The increasing power of the electromagnetic bridge between two black holes could form a series of black holes. Those black holes would stretch and melt to one energy channel that connects two black holes to one entirety. That means those black holes would be superpositioned and entangled. 

The theory is that the radiation forms the gravitational wormhole. The beginning of the gravitational wormhole would be the electromagnetic wormhole. When the electromagnetic wormhole forms between the black holes. Its power will increase until it will turn particles inside it into a series of black holes. That is stretching their singularities to one entirety. 

First, the wormhole would be the X-ray or gamma-ray radiation. That travels from one black hole to another. Then that radiation level would turn higher. When the radiation level would turn high enough the particles in that channel are turning the black holes. And then they will pull each other and the singularities of the black holes together. 

x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x

Cosmic Web

Are wormholes being behind the cosmic web?

The cosmic web is suspected of being formed because of wormholes(5). The cosmic web is the gas that crisscrossing in the universe but what is the thing that makes it form the massive string-looking structures? 

Is that thing the wormhole? When the wormhole oscillates the expanding wall of the wormhole would touch the quantum fields around it. And when that wall will drop in it leaves a small low-energetic area near it. And that causes that material is starting to flow in that area. 

The thing is that the wormhole is "only" stretched singularity. But can humans someday make that effect? Theoretically is possible to create the electromagnetic wormhole by using a hollow extremely high-energetic laser ray. That thing means. 

That the X- or gamma-ray laser would first shoot extremely thin laser rays through the space. Then that laser ray would start to expand, and if the conditions are good, that thing would remove the quantum field in that area. That kind of thing can be made someday possible to make wormholes through the universe.

The wormholes can be stable says scientists(6). The thing is that the theory of the wormholes is beginning that they are black holes that are linked together. That means the wormhole would be stretched black hole pair. But could that channel be stable? 

The answer is that if the energy level of the walls of the wormhole is high enough that thing will repel other quantum fields. The whirling wormhole would be so high-energetic that it would push other quantum fields away from it. So otherwise saying. The negative energy that comes from the walls of a whirling black hole would cause that the wormhole is stable. 

Negative energy means energy that travels outside from the high energetic areas. So if the wormholes would be stable they must be the most highly energetic areas in the space. 

The idea is that there is a couple of layers of electromagnetic wormholes around the gravitational channel. And the gravitational channel would be the highest energetic layer in the cosmic cable. The most in of the layers are the gravitational channel and particles that are traveling it. 

Would bring energy to that channel. So the only way that energy can travel is outside the gravitational wormhole. And because energy can travel only from the high-energetic areas to the lower energetic areas. That thing makes the wormholes stable. 

The energy to that bridge is called a wormhole. Or Einstein-Rose bridge comes from the particles that are traveling in it. The theory says that another side of the wormhole is always a white hole. And the material can travel in only one direction in the wormhole as I just wrote. 

That means the wormholes are pair of channels that are transporting information between the black holes. But are they real? Maybe that thing will be uncovered quite soon when the James Webb telescope starts its missions. 

(1)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

(2)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling

(3)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hole

(4)http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Hawking_radiation

(5)https://astronomy.com/news/2021/03/snapshot-strands-of-the-cosmic-web-revealed

(6)https://www.livescience.com/wormholes-may-be-stable-after-all

Image 2:https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/17/world/dwarf-galaxies-intl-scli-scn/index.html

https://thoughtandmachines.blogspot.com/