Could quark annihilation explain something about dark energy?

Could the answer. For the dark energy mystery. Be. In some process of particle evaporation, which is previously unknown? And could that thing be the quark annihilation? 

Cosmic voids and material evaporation are interesting things. When we think about comic voids and conditions inside them. There. Quantum fields are weaker than in other places in the universe. This causes a material evaporation effect. And the question is, can this effect release as much energy as annihilation? When a particle starts to evaporate. An atom loses its electron shell. That gives the atom core room to expand, and then the bonds between protons and neutrons will break. 

In that process, energy is stored in the bonds between protons and neutrons. This energy release could form the extremely small WARP bubble around the atom shell. In that process, the evaporation reaction. It can be faster than predicted. When those bonds between protons and neutrons release their energy, that causes an effect. They also release energy into quarks that form protons and neutrons. This causes an energy impulse that pushes those quarks farther from each other. 

Released. This releases free energy in the system. Then the neutrons and protons start to decay. Or they release their quarks. This can happen. When a weak quantum field lets quantum fields around quarks expand. This causes that. The distance between those quarks starts to increase. 

“Graphic of quarks annihilating (left green lines), producing a photon (middle line), and producing two muons (right magenta lines). Scientists detected these muons to gain insight into the quark asymmetry of the proton. Image credit: Paul Reimer, Argonne National Laboratory”. (University of Michigan, Study finds unexpected antimatter asymmetry in the proton)

Sooner or later, the distance between quarks is so long that the bonds between them start to break. The neutron decay is confirmed. Two down and one up quarks form a neutron. This means energy travels to the up quark. And this effect causes neutron decay. 

Proton is more complicated. Its main structure is two up and one down quark. The energy travels to those up quarks more smoothly than in a neutron. But there are also particle-antiparticle pairs in proton. When the proton’s quantum field starts to expand, that causes an effect in which those particles and anti-particles touch each other. This effect rips a proton. In pieces. This requires that the quantum field around the proton expands as much as it allows those particle-antiparticle pairs to touch each other. Normally, the structure of a proton keeps antimatter and its mirror particles away from each other. But when a proton expands, that allows those particle-antiparticle pairs to annihilate. 

In that case, those bonds between those three quarks also release energy that is stored in them. In this process, the situation is similar to that in proton-antiproton annihilation. In that process. The reaction releases energy that is stored in those bonds. And finally, quarks and electrons turn into wave motion.

So, when we think that there is too much energy in the universe, we must ask, could that energy form in this type of reaction? When we think about material evaporation. And its relationship with dark energy, we must realize one thing. When reseachers make their calculations, they should know and handle every stage of those reactions. In cosmic voids, the speed of light is higher than outside it. This means all particles travel faster than they do outside the cosmic void. When they hit the edge of the void, they release that energy into those quantum fields. 

https://www.anl.gov/argonne-scientific-publications/pub/164087

https://news.umich.edu/study-finds-unexpected-antimatter-asymmetry-in-the-proton/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_(astronomy)

 

The new method for manipulating light with a Narwhal wave function breaks limits.

“Narwhal-shaped wavefunctions describe a unique way of confining light to extremely small spaces. The mode volume measures how tightly light is confined and affects. How strongly it interacts with matter. It is defined as the total electric energy spread across space divided by its peak value. These wavefunctions combine sharp local enhancement with rapid overall decay, allowing light to be compressed far beyond usual limits without energy loss. Credit: Renmin Ma et al.” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Break Light’s Limits With “Narwhal” Wavefunctions)

In photonic information technology, the system traps single photons into it. Then it drives information into those photons. As we know. The photon. It looks. A little bit like a wheel. Information is stored in that wheel as a form of wave movement. The big problem was. How to control those photons. The answer can be in the system that puts the photon into spin. That spin forms the spiral-shaped wave field in the quantum field. And that thing can act as a tool that allows control of light. 

This spiral-shaped wave function. It can also be used to transmit information between photons. The spiral wave field looks like the horn of a narwhal. The big difference between older technologies is that the system. It can use the laying photons. In this model, photons. They are in the position. Those bigger sides of photons are against each other. And that allows faster information transmission. 

Because the transmitting area is bigger. Or, as you can see from the lower diagram, the system. It can press information through the photon ring. When information is transported to the photon ring. And the wave movement travels through it. That copies those shapes into that wave movement. 

“The Narwhal wave function is a novel approach to confining light in small spaces.  It enables extreme, sub-diffraction confinement of light in lossless dielectric nanostructures, with an ultra-small mode volume. And that thing.Makes it possible to use that thing in new photonic communication. “The researchers also used these highly localized wavefunctions to develop a new imaging approach called the singular optical microscope. (ScitechDaily, Scientists Break Light’s Limits With “Narwhal” Wavefunctions)

“Comparison between a twisted lattice cavity and a singulonic cavity. Left: schematic and field distribution (in logarithmic scale) of a twisted lattice cavity; Right: schematic and field distribution (in logarithmic scale) of a singulonic cavity. The power-law divergence of the narwhal-shaped wavefunction enhances the electric field intensity by more than six orders of magnitude in the deep-subwavelength region. Credit: Renmin Ma et al.”(ScitechDaily, Scientists Break Light’s Limits With “Narwhal” Wavefunctions)

“By exciting eigenmodes within singular dielectric cavities, the technique generates tightly confined electromagnetic fields whose resonance shifts respond to very small structural details. This enabled a record spatial resolution of λ/1000. And allowed imaging of deeply subwavelength patterns, including the letters “PKU” and “SFM.” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Break Light’s Limits With “Narwhal” Wavefunctions)

These types of things are necessary for making the quantum network. The biggest problem with photonic communication is how to drive information into the single photons. In this layer, the system must be very highly accurate. Before this new model, the system used plasmons to press photons to the layer. This method was. A little bit too complicated. To create. The accuracy that the quantum networks needed. 

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1102339

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-break-lights-limits-with-narwhal-wavefunctions/

The Tellegen effect. It can revolutionize network technology and stealth materials.

“For more than 70 years, the Tellegen effect has been something of an 'optics unicorn': a phenomenon well described in theory but practically impossible to observe because it is usually vanishingly weak in natural materials. Now, researchers from the University of Gothenburg, Aalto University in Finland, and Stanford University report what they describe as the first experimental detection of the Tellegen effect for visible light.” (University of Gothenburg, Scientists Finally Spot the Elusive Tellegen Effect)

Reseachers at the University of Gothenburg and Aalto University spotted the Tellegen effect in optical metasurfaces. First time in history. Researchers formed an elusive Telleren effect in the optical area. Reseachers rejected natural materials. They developed the synthetic metamaterials. And. That opened new ways to create the Tellegen effect in material. 

And before anybody can benefit from that effect, the systems and metamaterials must turn more advanced. The Tellegen effect is a very weak thing. But if that thing is possible. And the radio waves. They can turn into optical waves. And backward. That can open new paths for network and stealth technologies. Another thing is that. The question mark is: could that effect transform all optical wavelengths? 

The Tellegen effect means a situation. That magnetic field interacts with metamaterials. Reseachers used metamaterial. That involved nanotubes, and finally, they used a material. That was introduced above this text. The material consists of pyramid-shaped structures. The reason why this material makes the Telleren effect possible is that. Pyramids transfer wave movement out from the surface. When a wave movement travels at the sides of the pyramid. The impact at the top of the pyramid.

That impact can change. Those waves' wavelength. This effect can transform quantum networks and stealth technology. There is a possibility. That's the Tellegen effect. 

It can turn electromagnetic fields or waves into visible light. If the Tellegen effect is complete, and material is covered by a light-absorbing layer, the Tellegen effect. It can make a revolution in material research. But this thing. Can make a layer invisible. In some models, the Tellegen effect. It could transform visible light reflection into UV or IR reflection.  UV reflection makes an object “colder”. And it is not visible in IR sensors. 

The idea is that the identical wave movement that travels in the same spot from the four sides of the nano-pyramid can also form the quantum dot. The quantum version of the electric arc. In cases where there is a channel in the pyramid. And there is an identical quantum electric arc or virtual particle, which can also pull all energy into that low-energy part of this quantum dot pair. 

https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/items/e21ad997-a72a-494e-a571-9acdb095c12f

https://www.gu.se/en/news/scientists-finally-spot-the-elusive-tellegen-effect

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43593-026-00123-2

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41467-024-45225-y?fromPaywallRec=false

Could material evaporation be? Behind the dark energy?

When we think about the matter and how matter evaporation binds energy, we must realize one thing. The evaporation. Just puts energy into motion. When we think of a situation where ice turns into water, we might think. This process will decrease the temperature. This is not actually true. If that melting process happens. In one place or one point. 

When things like polar icecaps melt, that process requires energy. That energy is coming from the equator. When polar ice melts. That pulls energy into the melting process. This causes an effect. The equatorial tropical area is expanding. This means that the melting ice pulls energy. From around the planet. Into it. 

So we can think. This model can also fit in the universe’s scale.  We can say that the edge of the universe could be the point where material evaporates faster than inside the universe. That thing. Causes an effect that makes energy travel to the edge of the universe. When the universe expands. That thing causes a situation. The quantum fields in the universe turn weaker. During that process. That expansion forms large holes in those quantum fields. 

Cosmic voids and material evaporation at the edge of the universe, and those cosmic voids can form the dark energy. Cosmic voids focus energy. And that can expand the universe. The cosmic voids can also form a virtual gravitational effect that pulls particles and energy fields into it. 

“The farther away we look, the closer in time we're seeing toward the Big Bang. The newest record-holder for quasars comes from a time when the Universe was under 5% of its present age. These ultra-distant cosmological probes also show us a Universe that contains not just radiation and matter (including dark matter), but also dark energy, whose nature is unknown. Many questions still remain unanswered at the scientific frontiers. (Big Think, Starts with a bang, What was it like when dark energy rose to prominence?)

“Simulation of the matter distribution in a cubic section of the universe. The blue fiber structures represent the matter (primarily dark matter), and the empty regions in between represent the cosmic voids.” (Wikipedia, Void (astronomy))

Conditions in cosmic voids are similar. As at the edge of the universe. Material evaporates. Or turns into energy faster in the cosmic voids than outside them. When particles evaporate, they send wave movement into the center of those cosmic voids. This thing means that energy reflects from the center of those cosmic bubbles. And along with particles that evaporate. At the edge of the universe, that thing forms the dark energy. Or free energy that destroys the universe. 

Material evaporation. It means a process. There, the material turns into energy. Dark energy refers to an unknown source of energy. And in the dark energy case. We should ask, what puts energy into moving? The answer to that problem can be found in the material evaporation. When material evaporates. It acts the same. Way as ice. This process binds energy. And then energy from the environment tries to fill that point. So when. We are searching for the source of dark energy; we should look at the edge of the universe. And. At the same time. We should look at the edge. Of the cosmic voids. 

When material evaporates very fast at the outer edge of cosmic voids. That releases free energy in the system. Most of that energy falls. Into the cosmic voids and then jumps back. From their center. When matter evaporates, it releases energy. That forms it. When we think about cosmic voids, we could think that maybe those cosmic voids could explain dark matter. If most of the energy that evaporating particles release falls into the cosmic voids, they pull matter and wave movement with them in the same way as a gravitational field pulls those things. So, that means. The cosmic voids can form a virtual gravitational effect. That acts like matter acts in gravity centers. This means cosmic voids can also act as a virtual gravitational center. If the cosmic void is deep or empty enough, it can start to behave like a black hole. 

When particles evaporate at the edge of the universe. That effect pulls energy out of the universe to fill the point. There. The matter or particles evaporate. This effect, when it happens at the edge of the universe, pulls quantum fields to the edge of the universe. That makes those fields weaker. This causes an effect. That increases the speed. To turn into a wave movement. This effect pushes the edge of the universe away. And that increases the speed of particle transformation. Into energy. or wave movement. This means that the cosmic voids and the edge of the universe. They can put energy into moving in the mysterious phenomenon called dark energy. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/dark-energy-prominence/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boötes_Void

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_(astronomy)

CERN researchers found a new proton-like particle.

“CERN scientists have uncovered a new proton-like particle, the Ξcc+, revealing a heavier and long-predicted member of the subatomic world.” (ScitechDaily, Physicists Discover New Proton-Like Particle at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider)

“Researchers from the University of Manchester have played a major part in identifying a previously unknown subatomic particle at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The particle, called the Ξcc+ (Xi-cc-plus), is a heavy proton-like particle made of two charm quarks and one down quark.”(ScitechDaily, Physicists Discover New Proton-Like Particle at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider)

The new “super proton” is a particle that involves two charm quarks and one down quark. This means that this particle behaves. A little bit like a neutron. There are two down and one up quark in a neutron. So, energy flows in this new particle. As it flows in a neutron. But this new particle has a stronger energy flow than a neutron. So it must exist for a far shorter time than a neutron. 

This particle exists for a very short period. However, it also indicates that other quarks, besides the up and down quarks, can form hadron or baryon-type particles. Those “super baryons” (or super hadrons) don’t exist in our universe. However, they could exist and even take a stable form in a young, highly energetic universe. In a high-energy or hot universe, energy flows away from those particles more slowly. This means that those structures remained for a longer time. 

"A hadron is a composite subatomic particle. Every hadron must fall into one of the two fundamental classes of particle, bosons and fermions." (Wikipedia, Hadron)

"In particle physics, a baryon is a type of composite subatomic particle that contains an odd number of valence quarks, conventionally three. Protons and neutrons are examples of baryons (or baryonic hadrons); because baryons are composed of quarks, they belong to the hadron family of particles. Baryons are also classified as fermions because they have half-integer spin." (Wikipedia, Baryon)

 And that means those particles could exist until the temperature or energy level in the universe turns so low that those “super baryons” destroy themselves. The energy flows out. From those particles, cut the energy bridges between those quarks. And that released energy. In the young universe were energy levels, structures, and matter. 

That doesn’t exist anymore. In the very first stages, things like bottom and top quarks could form the proton-type structure. Those structures turned into energy. A long time ago. But maybe their descendants remain as a strange glow. Called dark energy. Dark energy is the dominant thing in the universe. 

That is stored in those bonds. One of the models of dark energy. And its origin is in those particles that disappeared. Or were destroyed when the universe turned colder. In that model, the extra energy that forms dark energy is formed in those particles. That destroyed and released energy. That was stored in their quantum bonds. This means there could be far more exotic particles in the young universe than this new “super proton” is. 

The quarks that CERN can produce are ghosts from the young universe. They exist in the very high energy levels. In the regular universe, those particles and particle groups like mesons don’t exist anymore. In the modern universe, only up and down quarks can form particles like hadrons and baryons. But this new particle is interesting. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-discover-new-proton-like-particle-at-cerns-large-hadron-collider/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

 

Photons, gluons, and strong interaction.

Sometimes, gravitation is described as a river. The energy field that travels to the particle can be the Higgs field. The base energy field in the universe. When a particle spins and binds energy to it. Outside energy tries to fill that space, and it transports particles with it, like water transports trees. 

If we describe macro gravity as the effect that pulls objects. Like planets together. And quantum gravity is the thing that pulls things like quarks together, along with the strong nuclear interaction. In this model, strong nuclear interaction forms between spinning quarks. When quarks spin, they form a quantum tornado from their spin pole. If those spin poles and those quantum tornadoes turn to another quark, this thing can form the quantum bond between quarks. There are a couple of things that this thing requires. 

When quarks spin, the receiving particle must be at a lower energy level so that energy can travel from the dominating particle to the receiving particle. This is why protons have two up and one down quark. Neutron has two down and one up quark. Three homogenous quarks cannot form protons and neutrons. If the energy level between those particles is the same. 

That causes a shortcut between them. In strong nuclear interaction, the gluon starts to travel in the quantum tornado, or quantum channel. In this model, a gluon travels from a higher-energy quark to a lower-energy quark in the quantum tornado. That forms the suck effect that keeps those particles together. Or in another version. The gluon is in a static position between quarks, and then it forms those quantum tornadoes between those quarks. 

Because energy travels from down quarks to up quarks, that thing acts like glue that glues those particles together. This is why the strong nuclear interaction transporter particle is called a gluon. Gluon travels between quarks. The down quark is at a higher energy level than the up quark. The down quark is a heavy particle, and one of the reasons for that could be the spin of the particle. 

So. Strong nuclear interaction. It happens between a quark and a gluon, not between two quarks. A gluon is a massless particle, similar to a photon. When a gluon travels between those quarks, it interacts with another quark, which is on a lower energy level than the transmitting particle. When that gluon impacts the receiving particle, it sends a quantum pressure wave. 

Because the neutron has two down and one up quark, energy travels to the single up quark. That means it sends energy impulses through neutrons. And sooner or later, those energy impulses destroy the neutron. One of the reasons for that is that. The energy level in the universe decreases. When energy impulses travel out from quarks, they have a stronger effect. And the difference between energy levels is the thing. That breaks the neutron. 

In proton energy travels into two up quarks. This means the energy wave away from those quarks is slower and smoother. There is also more space where energy can go than there is in neutrons. This means that nobody has seen proton decay yet. 

And then into the quantum gravitation. It’s possible that quantum gravitation forms when quantum bonds between quarks and gluons start to bind energy. This effect causes a situation. That is the energy level in the outer shell of the quantum whirl that connects those quarks to the gluon. If we think that the spin of gluons forms the quantum gravity. When a gluon spins, it binds energy, and then other energy from the quantum field tries to fill that hole. This causes an effect in which the gluon sends a wave movement through that quantum whirl. 

This whirl is like a tornado. The inner side of it pulls particles together. But its shell pushes particles away from each other. This raises a question. About the gravity. Could the strong nuclear interaction be the same thing as gravity or quantum gravity? If we think that the particle that spins binds the energy field into it. We can say that gravity could be an effect. Those forms. When the so-called Higgs field travels to those spinning particles. The field. That could make this the Higgs field. As I wrote at the beginning of this text. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction

New quantum technology. It makes it possible. To control light and thermal energy.

“A rendering of the metasurface chip in action. When hit with an infrared laser, the microscopic chip converts the incoming light to a higher frequency and sends it out as a narrow beam that can be precisely directed. Credit: T. Sun, edited.” (ScitechDaily, This Ultra-Thin Device Controls Light Like a Microscopic Spotlight) The entire car, ship, or aviation vehicle can be covered. By using this kind of chip. That chip can make it possible to create ultimate stealth solutions or conduct energy out. From layer very fast. 

Nanotechnology and photonics are ultimate tools for making protective systems. The nanomaterials, which can be a graphene network. And fullerene nanotubes can be the tool. That can turn laser weapons ineffective. The system. It can shoot very low-energy photons or electrons against the laser beams. The idea is that. Those particles bind energy. From laser beams and other electromagnetic radiation. The low-energy electrons. That the system shoots through. The fullerene network can also bind those carbon atoms together. They can conduct thermal energy out of the layer. 

This means that the system. It can make the cooling beam possible. The cooling- or freezing beam means. The low-energy particles. That binds energy into them. This kind of technology can revolutionize nuclear energy and aviation. The ability to control thermal energy. It makes it possible. To control temperature and kinetic energy in the system. 

“Yellow waves show propagating atomic vibrations observed at ORNL’s Spallation Neutron Source. In a smart, switchable ceramic, an electric field aligns charges so vibrations along white field lines travel farther with fewer disruptions — boosting heat flow nearly threefold. Credit: Phoenix Pleasant/ORNL, U.S. Dept. of Energy” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Find a Way To Control Heat Flow With Electricity). In another way. The system shoots low-energy electrons or photons against the heat wave. The idea is that those low-energy particles bind energy into themselves. 

The new material can conduct light. Wth new precision . The microscopic device controls light like a microscopic spotlight. And that can make it possible to create new photonic devices. The ability to conduct and control light. Into a wanted direction makes it possible to create new types of systems that could make it possible to wash the quantum noise out of the quantum systems. This kind of ability also makes it possible to create ultimate quantum stealth systems, which aim light and other types of EM radiation into the desired direction. 

These types of devices and materials can be used to spread laser beams. All around the surface. And that can make it possible. To create a layer that protects layers against lasers and high-energy infrared radiation. This kind of thing can offer a possibility to conduct things like infrared lasers and other thermal radiation out of the layer. 

Another thing that we must realize is that. First time in history. Reseachers controlled heat waves by using. electricity. Basically. It is very easy to control heat by using electron beams. When the cathode system sends electron beams against heat waves, those electrons act. Like water molecules.  They bind thermal energy into them. And that thing makes it possible to decrease the incoming thermal energy level. That kind of system. It can conduct energy away from the infrared radiation. And it can make laser systems ineffective. 

There is also a possibility that the low-energy particles can protect structures against even a thermonuclear explosion. If the cloud of low-energy particles is between the target and the nuclear explosion. Theoretically, they can bind so much energy that the nuclear explosion turns ineffective. The idea is that those low-energy particles are shot against the energy impulse that comes from the nuclear explosion. Could this thing really be possible? It depends on how fast those particles can bind energy to themselves. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-find-a-way-to-control-heat-flow-with-electricity/

https://scitechdaily.com/this-ultra-thin-device-controls-light-like-a-microscopic-spotlight/