The new explosives without nitrogen are remarkable chemical advancements.

"Skoltech researchers have identified over 220 carbon-oxygen compounds, many previously unknown, with some showing explosive energy close to that of TNT, despite lacking nitrogen. Their findings on oxocarbons open up new possibilities for space exploration, advanced batteries, and energetic materials, challenging conventional chemistry and expanding the understanding of molecular diversity. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Rivaling TNT: Scientists Discover Bizarre “Magic Molecules” With Explosive Potential)

The idea of the new explosives is that there are lots of carbon atoms that will combine with oxygen atoms. That releases 75% more energy than TNT. The RDX gives 50% more energy than TNT. The research published by Russian researchers and ScitechDaily, and the risk that this technology causes is that those new carbon-oxygen chains will pass the explosive detector. Those molecules are like "frozen, nano-size powder explosions". 

In normal, explosives, like TNT,  nitrogen acts as a catalysator. The nitrogen ion in potassium nitrate makes black powder explode. All known explosives involve nitrogen. And the bomb detectors smell nitrogen ions from the air. But when we think about explosions. We must realize that. Explosion is only fast-burning. Another way to make an explosion is to increase the layer's size, where the material combines with oxygen. In aerosol bombs and combustion engines, the fuel-aerosol and oxygen combine. 

"Image. Graphical abstract of the Skoltech study showing some of the possible carbon oxides in the range probed by the researchers: no more than 16 oxygen atoms, possibly zero atoms of either element. Credit: Elizaveta Vaneeva et al./Materials Today Energy" (ScitechDaily, Rivaling TNT: Scientists Discover Bizarre “Magic Molecules” With Explosive Potential)

The molecular structures of those new potential explosive molecules tell us that it's possible to create explosive graphene. There between those carbon atoms are oxygen atoms. So if every second of those atoms is carbon and every second is oxygen. That means that the maximum number of carbon atoms join to oxygen at the same time. It is also possible to make the explosive "hamburger" two graphene layers there is a 2D oxygen layer between those carbon layers. 

The reason why that burning turns into an explosion is that all droplets are surrounded by the air. Same way sometimes things like regular baking flour detonate. The baking flour dust takes fire. And then the air. That surrounds every single particle in that dust will start to burn them. The fast combination with air makes that normally harmless dust the explosive material. 

The long carbon chain where oxygen and carbon atoms in rows like oxygen and carbon are one after one can make a very strong explosion. The idea is that the carbon and oxygen alternating in the chain. The explosion happens when large numbers of carbon atoms make a connection with oxygen atoms. 

So what if we can make molecules like fullerene where there are oxygen atoms between carbon atoms? In that ball-shaped carbon-oxygen "fullerene" is carbon. And oxygen atoms side by side. When carbon and oxygen combine to make a chemical compound. 

They form carbon monoxide or dioxide. That reaction happens in a large area if we compare that reaction area to molecule size. So large numbers of carbon and oxygen combine with each other at the same time. That causes the same situation as in an aerosol bomb but in a solid structure. 

https://scitechdaily.com/rivaling-tnt-scientists-discover-bizarre-magic-molecules-with-explosive-potential/

Renewing energy and decreasing the use of fossil fuels is a way to decrease carbon emissions and increase European energy independence.

In some cases, there is introduced the possibility replace fossil gasoline by using canola oil and alcohol along with other hydrocarbons and catalysts (ethanol, methanol, potassium chloride, etc.) mixtures. 

Also, methane that forms in the natural rotting process can use as fuel. The methane is possible to clean. Or the system can remove carbon from methane by using carbon filters. 

Renewable energy and decreasing the use of fuel are key roles in the new energy solutions. In a hydrogen economy, we want to think of hydrogen as fuel. The way how to produce hydrogen determines its carbon emissions. If we use things like geothermal energy for hydrogen production that thing makes that gas very ecologic. In the same way, we can connect hydrogen production with other electrolytic processes.

If we can produce hydrogen with other electrolytic processes, that makes it more energy effective. So if the production of sodium and chloride is connected with hydrogen production, that thing makes it more effective. But there is another way to produce hydrogen. That thing is just removing carbon from natural gas. 

The system can also drive natural gas simply through carbon filters. That filter removes carbon from the exhaust gases of the engines. 

In this process, the carbon will use to remove carbon from methane. The methane will conduct through carbon filters. In the same way, the carbon filters that are used in gas masks can remove carbon from carbon dioxide. 

Engineers created that technology for removing carbon diesel engines' exhaust gas. And that made it possible that submarines could use diesel engines or gas turbines in underwater conditions. 

The diesel-electric submarines required diesel for loading their batteries. When that submarine drives underwater it uses electric engines. But the weakness of that system is that it needs to reload its batteries. 

And if that thing could be made deep underwater the submarine would be less vulnerable. Normally diesel-electric submarines use a snorkel or a tube pair when they load their batteries. Another tube exhaust the exhaust gas. 

And another tube will drive oxygen to the engine. Also driving the inner air of the submarine through carbon filters makes it possible to remove carbon dioxide from the submarine's breathing air. 

Making similar fuel bubbles to that thermobaric vacuum bombs create makes it possible to decrease fuel use. 

When we want to decrease emissions, we must decrease fuel use. The idea is simply the combustion engine must make the needed pressure that makes the piston move by using something more than just fuel. The simplest way to make that is to use water with fuel. In that case, the system injects water along with vaporized fuel in the system. The most advanced method system covers the water droplet by using fuel. In that system the fuel burns on the surface of the water droplet. 

One version of those new systems is to use a system that makes bubbles in the combustion chamber. The idea is taken from the thermobaric vacuum bomb. 

If the system makes a fuel bubble, where the fire front moves on the surface of that fuel bubble that is filled by air. In that version, the injection system will make a bubble of fuel fog, and then the system injects oxygen into that bubble. That makes the hollow fuel core for that bubble. And it decreases the use of fuel.

That thing makes it possible to create high pressure by using a smaller mass of fuel than using normal fuel systems. 

https://www.talouselama.fi/uutiset/suomalaistutkijat-valjastivat-historiaan-hukkuneen-natsien-sotasalaisuuden-uusiutuvan-polttoaineen-kehitykseen-miljoonarahoitus/ca1978c2-1469-46a4-bee1-4c4ab8b1505b

Image: Pinterest. 

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

Self-repairing materials are closer than ever before

The waving carbon layer can be the first self-repairing material. The idea is that when the material is intact. It will be stiff. When the bite of that carbon layer is missing material is waving. That waving movement will make it possible that the bites of that material are finding themselves again. The structure can form fullerene molecules. 

And there is possible to connect those fullerene molecules by using the electromagnetic interaction. The fullerene molecules can load electricity. If every second of them is loaded with electricity the static load will pull the material together. There is also possible to put iron atoms or molecules to fullerene and magnetize those things. 

But the self-repairing materials and structures are researched for a long time.

The self-repairing structures and the self-building racks are possible to create. The system connects itself to one form automatically. It will look like a group of steel snakes or giant spanners. Each of those bites knows its place in its entirety. Then the other types of robots which form is like the caterpillar track will go in the structure. And then those robots act like the walking layers on the self-assembling rack. 

There is made researches on nanotubes that are normally laying as the layer. At the end of some nanotubes is the magnetic system that rises those nanotubes to 3D-box looking structure. That kind of thing can use in intelligent bullet-proof vests and intelligent armors. When the bullet touches the most out layer the magnets will pull those nanotubes to cell structure where are multiple layers of small boxes. That will pull kinetic energy to itself. 

There is the possibility to make layers that are repairing themselves. The systems that can make that thing might be like the combination of Legos and microchips. Every each of those bites knows its position in its entirety. In that kind of structure, the system is a small robot that is moving in its position automatically. But when we are thinking about nanotechnology and self-repairing materials. That might be elastic we are facing one thing. 

The nanotubes can equip with teeth that are touching together. That makes them act like some sea worms. And those robots can create large structures together. Those robot worms can also repair one member of the entirety if that thing is damaged. 

The needed technology is like small cables that are like velcro tapes. Those structures would move like snakes or millipedes. Every foot of those tiny robots is a manipulator that touches each other. 

The head and sides of those small wires would be strings that are turning into loops and hooks. Then those strings are touching each other they would connect themselves like velcros. Then if those structures are separated they would need to find themselves. And then the system will stabilize the connection. 

If one of those robots is damaged. The production unit will make the new robot. The thing that makes the new robot find its place is quite easy. The remaining robots are sending their ID code to the store or production unit and then the unit knows where the new robot should go. The thing is that the new types of technology might be even more fundamental like this. 

https://scitechdaily.com/self-healing-nanomaterials-self-repairing-electronics-are-on-the-way/

Image: https://scitechdaily.com/self-healing-nanomaterials-self-repairing-electronics-are-on-the-way/

The methane has been found on Mars by NASA. But it can be from space, or from organisms, what has died the long time ago.

Curiosity-rover

http://marxjatalous.blogspot.com/p/the-methane-has-been-found-on-mars-by.html

Kimmo Huosionmaa

There have been found methane on Mars, but that would not necessarily mean, that there would be found living bacteria. The gas might come from the bacteria, what have been dead the long time ago, and the gas might be stored inside the Martian landscape. Another change would be that the Methane and carbon are from the space, and dropped to the Mars with the meteorites. The methane would be the more interesting thing than free carbon because of this chemical combination forms on Earth mainly by the organic material rotten in the anaerobic conditions. And the carbon is one of the basic elements of nature. That element is found on the asteroid belt, and there have been found asteroids, what are pure carbon. Those asteroids are very uncommon particles in the group of little planets.


Actually the moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos are only known that sized carbon asteroids, what are like diamonds, but carbon asteroids are actually very abnormal in that area. Some persons believe, that they are formed the organic material, what was blown to space when the asteroid hit to that planet. The carbon is the base element for life-form like us, but there are also stars, what is forming of this element. Some white dwarf stars are forming carbon, and they are like giant diamonds because the carbon has been stunned soo tight when the star has been destroyed in nova-explosion, where the outer layer would be pushed to space. Little bit bigger star would end the life as the supernova, and the result would be Neutron star.

Suspected Martian bacteria fossils on meteorite at Antarctica
Picture II

But when we would get back to Mars, we can think that there would be the connection between seasons and methane release, the reason for that might be, that during the summer the surface of that planet would be getting warmer, and then there would be released more methane than in winter, and that would explain the increase of the methane flow. And in this case, there have been lifeforms on Mars, but then some meteorite hit to that planet, what lost its atmosphere, and probably the major part of the lithosphere have been blown to space.


Those organisms were quite simple bacteria, what could be forming to the intelligent life without that meteorite. But some scientists have given the idea, that planet Mars have faced two mass destructions. The first one destroyed the lithosphere of the planet, and if there would be some complicated organisms on that planet, they would be blown to space with the lithosphere, what has been lost, and that would be killed almost all of the animals and other organisms on that planet.


The gas pressure decreased, and the planet became very hostile for the living. And the final seal for the mass destruction would be the second hit of the meteorite, what caused that the rest of atmosphere was lost in space, and the ultraviolet radiation would destroy the rest of those organisms. But still is change, that some very strong ark-bacteria would live somewhere in the Red Planet. And maybe that organism would seem like the cyanobacterium on Earth. Who knows, what kind of sensation, we would meet on that planet.


https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/7/17434718/nasa-curiosity-rover-mars-methane-seasonal-cycle-microbes-life

https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-finds-ancient-organic-material-mysterious-methane-on-mars


Picture I

https://d3egew7zjohdb1.cloudfront.net/ponIltIpIv-1432147750/incoming/q2q16l-curiosity/alternates/LANDSCAPE_640/curiosity

Picture II

https://www.space.com/33690-allen-hills-mars-meteorite-alien-life-20-years.html

Writing about snow, what could be black or white

Kimmo Huosionmaa

One of the three forms of water is ice. And the most beautiful form of the water is snow. Snow is actually crystal-shaped ice, what is fascinating material. The reason, why snow crystals structure is so exciting, is that every snow crystal has the different structure. And the structure of the snow is like growing crystal. The shape of the snow crystal allows that the structure can be grown in very large scale. The show itself is very tricky material because it needs low temperature for creation. The zero celsius is absolute maximum temperature, where snow can be creating. And in this temperature, the snowflakes would be big and they seem like cotton pieces.


The flat shape of the snow crystals can get their shape at lower temperatures, where is creating lighter snow, what seems like Bulwer. The shape of snow crystals is so fascinating because the shape of water molecules looks the little bit like teddy-bear. And the ionization will make the situation possible, that the water molecules start to make growing mass.  But we can, in theory, make the material that can act like water. The carbon can use as the base of this material, what has the same poisonous classification than cyanide. In this chemical reaction, the oxygen of the water is replaced with carbon, where two hydrogen atoms will be connected. This material chemical formula is C-H2 (I don’t know how to get the upper index from my keyboard). It should act like water, but it is more poisonous. If we can produce this material enough, we could build artificial ”black snow”.


This carbon base material could grow the crystals like water. The oxygen has four electrons in the outer layer of the electron-core, and it has the same electron structure than sulfur or selenium. Also, Polonium has the same electron structure with oxygen, and we could grow the polonium chrystals in the laboratory, but this is only the theory. In real life, Polonium is very high radioactive material, and this kind of experiments are serving only theoretical research. When we are talking about using the material like Selene for growing crystals, that might be suitable for medical use. In some cases, the blood vessels to the tumor could lock by using this kind of material, what can create the shape like artificial snow crystal to the blood vessels.


If we could create non-poisonous material what can create growing crystal, we could make an ultimate cure for some cancer types. This material could base the carbon, and if we could make the situation, where this material can grow the crystals in the human body, we could make the growing structure, what will be transferred to the cells of the tumor. And then this structure will start to grow inside the tumor or its cells and fills them with this material. It could kill those cells immediately. But the problem with that carbon base material is that it is so poisonous. Another way is use selenium in the base, and maybe it would work better in this medical use.

https://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/writing-about-snow-what-could-be-black.html

The electricity can grow the shape when the carbon acts like snowflakes

Kimmo Huosionmaa

The growing carbon like snow crystal is quite difficult except using electrified carbon, what acts like the magnet and pulls other carbon bites into it. This methodology allows growing the structure of carbon like water molecules do in the snowflake. The growing structure will cause the case of carbon molecules by electric vortex, and it has the same principle, with the phenomenon where hears will raise up, because of static electricity. In this technology the pure carbon would put into the chamber, there will be no other material, and then the carbon structure starts to grow.


The problem with this technology is that the electrized carbon will pull any other atoms or ions into it. We could use this technology to create medicals, what can drive to the target by magnets.  But when we are talking about powerful magnets, they can pull hemoglobin molecules to it, The functional part of this molecule is an iron.


And this technology, where the small size very powerful magnet will take in the blood vessel, and there it will start to make blood clot by pulling blood cells into it could be used to block the blood vessels to the cancer tumor. This magnet could be installed to the extremely small size submarine, what can travel inside the human body and then it would be the move in precise place, where it has the effect to cut the blood vessel to the tumor. Now we must realize, that the same time when we are creating our hero Bellefon, we are creating the chimera.


When we are thinking about the use of this kind of thing as the dangerous weapon, we can imagine the situation, where very small size electric magnet will be slipped inside targetted human body. This powerful magnet would just activate by remote-control, and it might start to pull blood cells into it and cause the blood clot. This is one of the dangers for people security because this kind of thing might use in the stealth-killing operations.

https://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/

Why is the carbon-trapping not quite a reasonable idea than it first seems?

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/why-is-carbon-trapping-not-quite.html

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/why-is-carbon-trapping-not-quite.html

The bulletproof clothes might be true somewhere in the distant future.

(Picture 1)

Kimmo Huosionmaa

The graphene might be very advanced material alone, but connecting those graphite layers together with another material gives graphene more advanced affection. I'm writing here about the material, what consists graphene with two layers, and in the middle of those layers could be the titanium structure, what works like spring.


Material works like that the outer structure will take the punch, and between those layers is so-called nano-springs, what will suck the power of the punch, before it will conduct to the downed layer of the graphene. That might give the graphene even more capacity, than what it has now. When we are talking about graphene as the material of the bulletproof vests and clothes, we must create some kind of different material that graphene.

2D graphite network would give awesome capacities for the solid surfaces, and if the graphene can put in some particular profile, that can be used as the cover the surfaces of the fighter like F-16. The double surface nano-spring graphene could give more heat and punch tolerance for those aircraft and of course, that material can be used at any surface in the world. When the bulletproof material is in the multi-layer structure, it will be more effective stopper than single layer material.


If there will be little room, what separates the surfaces that will five very good isolation against heat. This kind of information is taken by the spacecraft, what needs protection against micrometeorites. But when we would want to make the bulletproof clothes, we might want to have the material, what feels soft like normal canvas, but could stop the bullets. That kind of material seems very difficult to make, but it might be possible.

(Picture 2)

A surface of the canvas-structure would be covered with nano-technical springs and little plates of fullerene, and that could give the clothes, what feels normal the capacity to stop the bullet. The thing would go that the short but the powerful punch would make those springs to kick back against the punch.

Nano-springs need special shape, and that's why those things are quite expensive and complicated to build. In that nanomachine is installed little lever, what will pull the spring upwards. The production of the nanomachines would happen with some genetically manipulated cells, what can produce the right molecules, what would be put in the places with the ion-cannons or by the viruses, what has wires, that could transfer by electric fields.


Those viruses seem like some kind of the moon module, and their "feet" would help them to the position in the right point of the ion-pump, what will suck the DNA in the cell, and the cores of those viruses could be used as the nanorobots, what will assembly the complicated nano-machines. In the world of nanomachines could the little electric motors made by cutting the motors of the bacteria away from the cells, and then there will put the very thin kevlar fiber with small iron bites, what can use for moving the nano-submarines.


The problem of complicated nano-structures is that the instruments, what is needed in those processes are very small. That's why the controlling of those things is so difficult. And the production of complicated structures is very difficult, and those things must produce billions.  But if those complicated nano-springs can someday product with mass production, there could be possible to make the clothes, what are covered by those things.

Picture 1

https://www.theneweconomy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Graphene.jpg


Picture 2

https://d1o50x50snmhul.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dn25954

https://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/