The pulse-detonation scramjet engines can make the new type of hypersonic flight possible.

There are two versions of the pulse-detonation wave engines. The first one is the flap scramjet. 

That engine is the modified version of the flap jet engine. During WW2, Germans used that engine in a V-1 cruise missile. The flap scramjet is the scramjet engine that has a flap system. When the speed is too slow for ignition of the scramjet engine the system injects an oxygen fuel mixture into that engine. 

And that engine uses regular rocket mode until the aircraft is about Mach-6-7 when operators open the air intakes. Then the system can start to use air from the atmosphere. That thing makes the system very powerful and multi-use. 

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The pistol shrimp has given an idea for PDWS systems. 

The idea of the Pulse-Detonation Wave System ( PDWS) is coming from the pistol shrimp. That small shrimp can create a low-pressure bubble in water. 

The temperature in that bubble rises to 5000 kelvins. And that thing causes a very strong sound. If an engine system can create a similar bubble in the rocket- or jet engine that thing can create pulses, that thing can increase the thrust of the engine for a short time. The simultaneously created bubbles can make the system give those punches or power impulses in series. 

The way how pistol shrimps can make those bubbles can model to nanomachines. And that thing can make it possible to create engines that use mechanical systems like fast-moving scissors, fast-moving membranes, or electric arcs to create engine systems that can operate without combustion. 

In some versions, the system can make the bubble by pulling the piston in a closed chamber that is filled with water backward. And then more water will inject into that chamber. The low pressure makes water vaporize. And then the injected water increases pressure. So this kind of system can make it possible to create flying machines or high-speed underwater systems that will need no propellers or combustion in their reaction engines. 

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The main problem with hypersonic engines is that they are straight tubes. If the firefront moves too far away from the combustion chamber that will decrease the thrust. The system can eliminate that effect by creating a bubble in the exhaust tube. 

But there is another way to think about hypersonic engines. And one version of how to increase the thrust of the system is to put bubbles in the exhaust tube. That thing makes it possible to create a situation where the system can punch against the bubble. That bubble increases the force that punches forward of the engine.

In ion engines, the magnetic stick has the same polarity as the flowing ions that can make that kind of bubble. The idea is that the system can create the bubble or the front in an ion engine. That system will increase the thrust of that system. 

https://ourmarinespecies.com/c-shrimp/pistol-shrimps/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

Theories of hypersonic flight. And extremely fast spacecraft.

The thing that is why the aircraft speed cannot increase endlessly is friction. But another reason is that the firefront turns backward in the engine. This is the reason why hypersonic aircraft requires the engine type called scramjet. 

The problem with the scramjet engine is that it can start only when the speed of the aircraft is about Mach 6. The scramjet is only the tube where a certain form causes friction. And that ignites the fuel and oxygen mixture. There is the possibility to equip the scramjet engine with an iris that closes the air inlet. 

That allows combining the rocket engine and scramjet. When the hypersonic aircraft will take off. It can use rocket scramjet in the rocket mode. In that period the rocket scramjet uses internal oxygen. And when the speed of the aircraft is high enough it can turn to use the oxygen from the air. That kind of aircraft can operate in the atmosphere but it can also operate at the orbital trajectory. 

The scramjet system can equip with a regular jet engine. That allows the hypersonic aircraft or hybrid aircraft-shuttle to use the same airborne refueling system with other aircraft. And the fuel for those systems can be liquid hydrogen or some hydrocarbon. 

But when we are thinking about the speed of the aircraft. The aircraft or rocket cannot travel faster than its exhaust gas. One version for increasing the speed of the exhaust gas. Is to make the vacuum behind the aircraft or rocket. The problem with jet engines. Is that the firefront is moving backward when the speed is increasing. In this text term "jet engine" means turbojets, ramjets, scramjets, rocket ramjets, and rocket scramjets. 

One version of the system that can increase the speed of the aircraft is to use adjusting the distance of the fuel injection and combustion chamber. And in some versions, the scramjet or ramjets can use the electric arcs for fuel ignition. In those systems, the fuel injector is at the front of the engine. Electric arcs are in the air inlet of the engine. And that means the fuel injector is at the forward of the engine. 

Things like plasma engines can increase the speed of the aircraft. The plasma-ion engine means that the gas is ionized at the front of the engine. And then the magnetic accelerators will pull the ionized gas through the engine. That kind of system can be extremely fast. Another name for the plasma-ion engine is the MDD (Magnetodynamic drive). 

The idea for the WARP-spacecraft is coming from the submarines. 

MDD is another name for the magnetohydrodynamic drive (MHD). The MHD is operating only in water. But a similar system can also operate airborne and even in space. The system is simple pulling ions in the tube and then those ions exit behind that tube. This thing makes thrust. And the thing in this type of engine is that they are silent. There are no moving parts and that thing gives an ability to make very fast submarines. 

There is introduced an idea. That submarines can travel faster than the speed of sound. The idea is simply that the submarine will be closed in the air bubble. That will remove the friction of the water around it. And then the submarine can use MHD drive or simple rocket engines. Another version is to make the tornado at the front of the submarine. That tornado removes water from the front of it. 

The quantum tornado can use to make the wormhole. And that quantum tornado can create by using the high energetic radiation. 

The idea of the WARP engine is that the spacecraft is put in a bubble where are no quantum fields. Another version of the WARP bubble is the electromagnetic or giant quantum tornado that creates the synthetic wormhole ahead of the spacecraft. In some visions, the high-power X-rays can use to create an area. With no sideways are traveling electromagnetic waves. If those high-energy rays can turn to rotate. That could make the tornado where is no quantum fields. 

The thing in WARP-systems the warp-bubbles are the electromagnetic vacuums in the space. Those systems are extremely dangerous. Because if those bubbles are forming around the object or particles that cause the energy is starting to travel faster to the environment from the material. That causes the material to turn to wave movement very fast. 

The WARP bubble is pulling energy in itself. The reason for that is the energy is traveling to the lower energy area. That thing can cause a huge explosion. The thing that denies the material aging in the wormhole is that the object rides with its wave movement. Energy cannot travel away from the material. And that thing can make it possible that material exists until the existence of the wormhole ends. 

https://interestingengineering.com/new-electric-jet-engine-actually-works-inside-the-atmosphere

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamic_drive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_propulsion_engine

Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_SR-72

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Ultranopean lentämisen ongelmista

Lockheed Martin XF-38A "BLACK CROW"
(NASA:n kuva)
Kuva I

Kun puhutaan lentokoneista, jotka lentävät hypersoonisella nopeudella, eli niiden nopeus on suurempi kuin X-15 rakettilentokoneen saavuttama Mach 6, niin silloin pitää muistaa se, että nuo koneet ovat varsin toisenlaisia käsitellä kuin nuo 1960-luvun rakettilentokoneet, jotka kykenivät tuohon nopeuteen vain muutamien minuuttien ajan kerrallaan. Nämä nykyaikaiset hypersooniset koneet ovat paljon suurempaan operaatiokapasiteettiin kykeneviä, ja niiden voimajärjestelmät ovat sellaisia, että ne voidaan tankata ilmassa, ja niissä on sekä normaalit suihkumottorit että myös patoputkimoottorit eli ramjetit sekä scramjetit, joita ne käyttävät ikään kuin vaiheittain, eli ensin tuo kone lähtee liikkeelle normaaleilla suihkumottoreilla, ja kun nopeus kasvatetaan noin 800-kilometrin tuntinopeuteen voidaan ramjet käynnistää. Sitten jos on tarvetta, niin ramjet kiihdyttää nopeuden sellaiseksi, että hypersooninen patoputkimoottori eli scramjet käynnistetään.

Vaikka koneessa olisi PDWS eli Pulse Detonation Wave System, niin sitä ehkä kuitenkin lennetään normaalissa lennossa tavallisten suihkumoottorien avulla. PDWS eli läppäramjet- tai scramjet on hiukan liian vaikea hallita alhaisella nopeudella, eli tuo PDWS on samanlainen moottori kuin V-1 pommissa käytetty läppämoottori, mutta se on muotoiltu siten, että sitä voidaan käyttää myös super- tai hypersoonisella nopeudella. Syy miksi on kehitetty kaksi patoputkimoottorityyppiä eli ramjet sekä scramjet, johtuu siitä, että hyvin suurella nopeudella liikuttaessa alkaa normaalissa ramjetissä palotapahtuma siirtyä tuon laitteen takaosaan, joten tarvitaan uusi muotoilu. Normaalisti ram- scramjet moottoreissa ei ole ollenkaan liikkuvia osia, vaan ilma puristuu tietyllä tavalla muotoiltuun putkeen, missä se sitten kuumenee patopaineen ansiosta, ja kun siihen suunnataan polttoaineen ruiskutus, niin silloin tapahtuu sytytys, ja tuo ramjet sitten voi kiihdyttää lentokoneen noin mach 5-8 tasolle, joka vaaditaan scramjetin käynnistämiseen.

X-51 "WAVERIDER" Scramjet-testikone sijoitettuna
B-52:n siiven alle Waverider-koneen
testilento-ohjelman aikana
(USAF Kuva)
Kuva II

Mutta ongelma on aina ollut se, että ramjetia ei voida käynnistää koneen ollessa paikallaan. Siksi kehitettiin PDWS, missä koneen moottorin ilmanotto peitetään läpillä, jonka jälkeen palokammioon ruiskutetaan polttoainetta, mikä sitten sytytetään sähkökipinällä. Tuon jälkeen polttokammion paine painaa tuota läppäjärjestelmää kiinni, ja kun kone syöksyy eteenpäin, niin silloin ulkoilman viima avaa taas nuo läpät. Lentokoneen ongelmana on sitten myös sopivan polttoaineen löytäminen, koska kerosiini ei täytä vaatimuksia ultranopean lennon suhteen, joten uuden sukupolven ramjeteissa käytetään polttoaineena vetyä tai nitrometaania, joista vety on yleisempää. Nitrometaani pitää sisällään happea, joten jos tuli pääsee tuon koneen tankkiin, niin seurauksena on räjähdys. Vety ei itsessään pala, joten sitä voidaan turvallisesti käyttää noissa koneissa, joihin se johdetaan nesteytetyssä eli äärimmäisen kylmässä muodossa, ja tuota samaa vetyä voidaan silloin käyttää ramjetin tai scramjetin jäähdyttämiseen.

Ja jos halutaan lentää ilmakehän ulkopuolelle, niin riittää että tuo avaruusalus kiihdyttää täyteen nopeuteen ilmakehässä, ja kun korkeus kasvaa niin suureksi, että happi ei enää riitä ilmakehässä, niin noihin moottoreihin voidaan sitten alkaa ruiskuttaa myös netehappea, jolloin kone voi lentää avaruuteen. kyseistä moottoria kutsutaan nimellä rakettiramjet, ja se on ehkä tulevaisuuden normaaleilta kiitoradoilta lähtevien avaruussukkuloiden voimanlaite. Tuo hypersooninen lentokone aiheuttaa kuitenkin ongelmia maan pinnalla, koska niiden aiheuttama paineisku on paljon laajempi kuin perinteisen suihkuhävittäjän. Tämä aiheuttaa sitten lintujen putoamista taivaalta, sekä karjan vauhkoontumista sekä myös karjakuolemia, jos tuo kone lentää monta kertaa nopeammin, kuin mitä ne koneet, mille lentotaulukot on tehty lentävät. Ja kuten tiedämme, niin maahan osuessaan hypersooninen ilmakartio on kovempi kuin teräs, joten jos kone lentää liian alhaalla, niin se sitten voi aiheuttaa sekä karjan kuolemia, että myös ihmisille tyyppillisiä kovan melun ongelmia kuten päänsärkyä.


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