Neutron stars and mountains generate gravitational waves.

 Neutron stars and mountains generate gravitational waves. 

The mountains of the neutron stars are less than milli- or micrometer class. But the neutron star is one of the densest objects in the universe. 

That means even the smallest anomalies in their form have a bigger effect than around the smaller objects. The neutron star is a very homogenous object that consists of only neutrons or a neutron-quark structure where in the middle of it is some kind of quark liquid. 

********************************************************************

Could the dark energy form when waves in elementary particles' quantum fields push the quantum field around them away?

Could the dark energy form when waves in elementary particles' quantum fields push the quantum field around them away? In that case, the quantum hills around the elementary particles interact like mountains on neutron stars.

There is a model that no particle in the universe is not perfectly slight. The stretch in the quantum field is a small energy wave. That means the energy wave in the elementary particle's quantum field is the thing that interacts with its environment like a neutron star's mountain interacts. 

The small anomaly whose height is probably less than a micrometer conducts gravitational waves away from the neutron star's structure. So the energy wave in the elementary particle's quantum field could be an effect that causes the dark energy. 

And there are stretches also in the shell of the elementary particles. Sometimes is introduced that when the elementary particles spin very fast, the stretches on it's quantum field push the outside quantum fields away. And that thing causes the effect called Dark Energy. 

********************************************************************

Artist's depiction of a highly magnetize neutron star known as a magnetar. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/S. Wiessinger (Phys.org/Researchers: If neutron stars have mountains, they should generate gravitational waves)

And then neutron star's mountains can generate gravitational waves. 

Researchers say that neutron star's mountains can generate gravitational waves. There is a possibility that neutron stars can be mountains and mountain areas. Those things' height is less than a millimeter. But they are acting as antennas that make anomalies or points with different strengths in neutron star gravitational waves. 

The "mountain" on the neutron star conducts gravitational waves out from the neutron star's core. A fast-rotating neutron star turns that point in different directions. The neutron star's gravitational field is extremely dense. The thing that limits the height of the mountains is gravity. The neutron star is an extremely slight object, and even if one neutron is on the above others can cause visible interaction. 

Also, mountains on Earth can act as those neutron star's mountains. And that means Earth can send gravitational waves that are far weaker than neutron star's gravitational waves.  

Sometimes people ask why neutron stars are not deacy. Or why neutrons in neutron stars do not decay. The reason for that is energy that comes from outside the neutron star. A neutron star pulls material like plasma into it. And those ions and anions will travel to it's poles. 

The neutron star itself is in a bubble. That sends radiation into it. The loss of energy is the thing that causes the neutron's death. When neutrons are in space they send photons. Whenever a neutron sends a photon, it loses its energy. And when enough energy is gone, the quantum field around the neutron cannot keep it in its form. And that causes decay. There are lots of neutrons in neutron stars, so if one of them decays that has no effect in a short period. 

The thing is that strong gravity with weak nuclear interaction are things, that keep neutron stars in their form. The gravitational waves can form in mountains of those things. Or the strings between those neutrons are pushing quantum fields around that strange structure. And there is the possibility that that interaction forms gravitational waves. 

Another thing is the fast rotation speed. The neutron star will dilate time because of outcoming energy, and a strong gravitational field. And also fast rotation speed slows time at a neutron star's shell. The outcoming energy causes a situation where the neutrons get new energy. And that denies their decay. 

https://phys.org/news/2023-09-neutron-stars-mountains-generate-gravitational.html

Measurement of the "W" boson was not that expected.

The "W" boson was too heavy. And that thing can revolutionize physics. The "W" and "Z" bosons are transmitting weak nuclear force or weak interaction. So they keep the nucleus of the atom in one piece. The weak nuclear force or the weak interaction effects between protons and neutrons. The "W" boson is too heavy. And that means inside the "W" boson could be something connected to that particle. 

One of the things that can make that kind of thing is some kind of quantum plaque that is around that boson. Or there is some kind of particle that creates the form that you can see above the text. If we are thinking that "W" and "Z" bosons are affecting different directions. That means the mass of those bosons should be the same. 

Normally, the "W" boson is between protons and neutrons. The quantum fields of those particles push that high-energy and short-living particle into a piece. So the "W" boson is like a spring that is between protons and neutrons. When those particles are removed from around it.

 That thing releases those springs. The ends of those structures of the "W" boson are starting to oscillate and move back and forth. That movement turns stronger and stronger because it takes mass away from the "W" boson. And finally, the entire boson turns to wave movement. So inside the nucleus of the atom is also wave movement that resonates "W" and "Z" bosons". That wave movement is the interaction that happens between "W" (or "Z") bosons. 

Normally people don't know that most radioactive isotopes are not sending radiation all the time. The reaction that causes the radioactive radiation is outcoming energy stress. When that energy stress hits the radioactive isotopes it will shake their balance. This is the reason why warm nuclear materials are more radioactive than cold radioactive materials. 

The radiation must increase the energy level of the atom high enough that it can begin the reaction which turns the "down" quark into an "up" quark. And that thing launches the radioactive breakup. 

The weak nuclear force can transform a "down" quark into an "up" quark in neutron. That thing happens when weak interaction emits the "W" boson. Quarks are in triangular, or "V"-shaped form in the protons and neutrons. When weak interaction transforms the "down" quark into an "up" quark the "V" shaped form of the quarks turns around. And that thing sends the electromagnetic radiation. 

That radiation pushes that new particle away from the nucleus of the atom. And this is the thing that causes the radioactive breakup. The transformation of the "down" quark into an "up" quark is the thing that causes radioactive radiation and turns elements into radioactive. The number of neutrons determines how radioactive some isotope is. When there are a lot of neutrons there are lots of transformation cases. 

The radioactive breakup begins when the "W" boson transforms down quark to up quark. That transformation sends electromagnetic radiation to other quarks. And then also other quark structures are starting to rotate. That thing causes the nucleus of the atom starts to rumble. That rumble is seen as gamma-radiation. 

Then that energy load that travels through the atom pushes electrons away from their trajectory. Beta radiation is mainly fast electrons. The gamma pulses are making the effect that electron cores of the atom expand and contract. When electrons are escaping that thing rips the nucleus to pieces. 

By the way...

Theoretically, "W" and "Z" bosons can use as the power source. Those high-energy elementary particles are short living. And when they explode they are releasing energy that is stored in them. That is one thing that makes those bosons interesting. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-decade-of-science-and-trillions-of-collisions-show-the-w-boson-is-more-massive-than-expected-a-physicist-explains-what-it-means/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction