The existence of the universe. And false vacuum decay.

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"A false vacuum is at a local minimum of the energy state (right). Its energy is higher than that of the true vacuum (left)." (Simple Wikipedia, False vacuum)

"A scalar field φ (which represents physical position) in a false vacuum. The energy E is higher in the false vacuum than that in the true vacuum or ground state, but there is a barrier preventing the field from classically rolling down to the true vacuum. Therefore, the transition to the true vacuum must be stimulated by the creation of high-energy particles or through quantum-mechanical tunneling." (Wikipedia,  False vacuum)

Some researchers say that 67% of the universe doesn't exist. That means dark energy would not exist. In the quantum world, the existence is not like we think. That it is. We can say that dark energy doesn't exist because we cannot feel it. We cannot use it. And we don't know more than it just pushes large entireties in the universe farther. Some researchers suggest that dark energy is the reflection that comes from some parts of atoms or quarks. So the idea of this thing is the same as when things like laser rays hit metal particles or water balloons or droplets. 

If the energy of the laser ray is high enough. It raises the target's energy level fast enough that thing causes a very high explosion. The water droplet will vaporize less than a millionth of a second and the shockwave of that expansion spread across the air. The same way happens when GRB or some other high-energy burst hits the planet or some other particle. The existence requires the ability to observe and interact with the thing. So maybe dark energy is one of the things that exist and do not exist at the same time. That is one version of the Schrödinger's cat, that lives and is dead, in the same time. 

So, what's that thing connection with the false vacuum decay? The false vacuum is an energy state that is higher than the real vacuum or energy minimum. But it's lower than another environment. The false vacuum is an energy pothole or energy ditch. It can decay if there is an energy wave in that structure. That shares those false vacuums into two parts. Those energy waves that can form very fast in the false vacuum can share those energy ditches into two parts. 

Above) "The sombrero model". The article is on the hilltop that the energy ditch surrounds. If that energy ditch turns too deep, that pulls particles below the edge of that energy ditch. 

That turns particles invisible to us. Energy or wave movement cannot come out from that energy ditch. 

The number of those sub-vacuums depends on the number of those energy waves. When some object drops into a false vacuum. It can go into a hole, that observers cannot see it. The particle must be upper than the edge of the false vacuum that we can see it. There are some cases in which large stars suddenly disappear. There is always a possibility that the star turns into a black hole so fast that the supernova remnants will go behind the event horizon and we cannot see them. The more exotic version is that the star falls into a false vacuum. The low energy level means that the energy cannot go out from the star or the energy pothole that surrounds the star. That means the star will simply disappear. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_vacuum

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_vacuum

Can the universe decay?

"A false vacuum is at a local minimum of the energy state (right). Its energy is higher than that of the true vacuum (left)."  (Simple Wikipedia, False vacuum) 

When a reality collapses like a cardhouse, that event makes room for the new reality. There is a possibility that the universe decays through false vacuum decay. The idea is that the universe is a more high-energy area than the space around it. 

This is why energy leaves the universe. If that process happens too fast. That decreases the universe's energy level. That increases the material vaporization or turns particles into wave movement very fast. The universe may fall from its energy state and reach a more stable state. The idea is that when the energy level rises compared to the environment. Particles or systems become unstable. 

When the differences between energy levels in the material and its environment rise. The speed of energy flow from the material rises. 

And things like gravitation disturb that wave movement's symmetry. 

That thing can make the energy asymmetries in wave movement. 

The particles are released when the temperature or energy level in the universe decreases. 

In some models, the universe can even decay. In that case, the universe has polarity. 

That polarity pulls material into the universe's "poles". 

And that can make two giant plasma clouds on two sides of the universe. 

That means those. Hypothetical but possible plasma clouds. Will pull the universe into two parts.  Both sides of the universe form two energy potholes. In that hypothetical process. 

There may be so-called energy hills between those potholes. And that makes energy impossible to travel between those potholes. That causes the false-vacuum decay. 

Things like false vacuums or cosmic voids can have their plasma rings.

That plasma is like a wall that doesn't let particles fill the false vacuum. If that shock wave does not exist. Maybe particle and energy flow fill a false vacuum like it fills the real vacuum. If a false vacuum surrounds the particle is invisible. 

The outcoming energy keeps that wave in its place and that stabilizes the false vacuum. Sometimes false vacuum is called a "false black hole". The false vacuum is like a step at the energy slope. 

"A false vacuum is an idea from theoretical physics. In quantum field theory, such a vacuum might exist for a very long time before it changes its state. Much like with a true vacuum, a false vacuum exists where the energy is minimal. In the case of a true vacuum, this is at a global minimum of the energy function. With a false vacuum, the energy function is only at a local minimum. As is illustrated in the figure, there is a "peak" between the local minimum and the global minimum of the energy function." (Simple Wikipedia, False vacuum) 

"A false vacuum is at a local minimum of the energy state. Its energy is higher than that of the true vacuum" (Simple Wikipedia, False vacuum) 

The false vacuum can be like like a table at the edge of cosmic voids. That means the universe can involve multiple false vacuums. 

The idea is that the false vacuum has a lower energy state than "regular space" has. But its energy state is higher than a true vacuum. 

When we think about reality and black holes we can think of the 2D models. That black holes pull quantum fields into a flat state.

We can think that the universe is like a card around black holes. 

Then we must turn those cards into the position that they form the 3D-ball-shaped entirety.

The flat space will form the ball-shaped spacetime forms a ball that consists of multiple 2D layers in the ball-shaped structure. That means the black hole presses the 3D reality into multiple 2D layers. That surrounds its event horizon. Those pressed dimensions or energy fields are denser models of the 3D spacetime where we live. The difference is that the 2D space from the structure looks like pieces of paper are horizontally around the black hole. 

When the universe releases its energy. It turns more stable. Because energy flow turns slower. 

The problem is that the radiation that leaves from the most out layer of the universe pulls more radiation to fill its place. That causes a chain reaction their energy level falls in the entire universe. 

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-simulation-shows-how-reality-could-collapse-like-a-house-of-cards/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_vacuum

Dark energy mystery: is it just a remnant from the Big Bang?

"By mapping out the three-dimensional positions of galaxies over a large volume of the Universe, scientists within the DESI collaboration have uncovered some (but not overwhelming) suggestive evidence that the strength of dark energy has weakened (and is weakening) over time. Using the feature of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAOs) may be the method of investigation that finally breaks the Standard Model of cosmology, but the picture with constant dark matter and dark energy still remains strong." (Big Think, Ask Ethan: Is dark energy just leftover momentum from the Big Bang?)

If the Big Bang was some kind of series of events. That can explain the dark energy. Dark energy is wave movement whose wavelength and source are unknown. There are multiple theories about the origin of this thing. One of them is that the dark energy is the leftover momentum of the Big Bang. Some other people think that its source is in another universe. 

But that's not the only theory. Researchers made to explain the most dominating effect in the universe. 

Sometimes. Some researchers think that dark energy forms when the universe and its particles spin. If the entire universe spins there is the possibility that the spin of the most out layer in the universe sends energy out from the universe. 

When the energy level in the universe decreases that releases wave movement that is stored in the particles. If we think that there is a so-called Higgs field or base energy field in the universe and the universe's spin speed increases that thing causes an effect that the universe requires some kind of energy source. That energy source can be in the black holes that release energy when the energy level in the universe decreases. Material is one energy form. It's packed wave movement. In the same way, things like superstrings and all materials release energy when their speed decreases. 

There are theories. The particles that form in the cosmic voids can explain the dark energy. When a particle travels in the cosmic voids it can cross a similar particle's maximum speed. So when a photon travels in a cosmic void it travels faster than outside the void. That means when particles come out from the cosmic void, they must release their kinetic energy. Same way wave movement travels faster in the cosmic void. And when the wave movement impacts material that thing releases energy. Same way there are models. High-energy particle impacts like impacting neutrinos are behind dark energy. 

If we think about wormhole theories the wormhole is the tiny tornado that crosses the universe. There are models that the wormhole is actually the superstring. That means the structure is like a tiny energy tornado that seals energy. And maybe the superstrings or wormholes are behind that mysterious effect. When superstrings or tiny energy tornadoes spin they send energy waves into the the Higgs field. That hypothetical wave movement is like thunder in the universe. 

In one model dark energy forms. When particle or wave movement comes out from the wormholes. 

That means that when material comes out from the wormhole it causes energy impulse into the universe. The wormhole brings energy straight from the past to the present. And that can explain the dark energy. But that requires the existence of the wormhole. The energy tornado can be the shortcut to the future. 

When a particle slides through that energy channel that thing locks energy in it. Then that thing comes out from that energy tornado it releases that extra energy. But nobody knows for sure. Dark energy remains a mystery. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/dark-energy-leftover-momentum-big-bang/

Quantum entanglement, and non-symmetrical quantum teleportation.

"A groundbreaking experiment captures the speed of quantum entanglement, paving the way for advancements in secure communication and quantum technology." (Sustainability-times.com/"Faster Than Anything Ever Seen”: Mind-Blowing Speed of Quantum Entanglement Measured for the First Time in Scientific History)

The new breakthroughs in quantum entanglement research can revolutionize this kind of technology. The ability to introduce quantum entanglement mathematically opens the roads to more trustable quantum computing. Quantum entanglement is the thing that carries information with incredible speed. Quantum entanglement is a prime element in quantum teleportation. 

In quantum teleportation, information can travel with incredible speed. The reason for that is this. When things like laser beams make the superposition and entanglement between particles they form the quantum shadow or quantum channel between those particles. That quantum channel is the "lightweight, or electromagnetic wormhole, channel through the quantum fields. 

"MIT scientists created a powerful new coupler that speeds up how quantum computers measure and process information. It could lead to real-world quantum machines that operate with far fewer errors. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitchDaily, Supercharged Qubits: How MIT’s Quarton Coupler Accelerates Quantum Computing)

Then the transmitting particle is at a higher energy level than the receiving particle sends a string through that channel. Information that travels between those particles travels in those strings. If we would see that information it's like wave movement in that string. 

The electromagnetic shadow is the reason why light can travel faster between those particles than outside that shadow. So the question is can we someday make teleportation for some devices or maybe even humans? 

"Researchers demonstrated extremely strong nonlinear light-matter coupling in a quantum circuit. Stronger coupling enables faster readout and operations using qubits, which are the fundamental units of information in quantum computing. Credit: Christine Daniloff, MIT" (ScitechDaily,  Supercharged Qubits: How MIT’s Quarton Coupler Accelerates Quantum Computing)

Things like quantum teleportation between protons and other complex, asymmetrical systems tell us that theoretically, teleportation is possible. If we want to teleport things like cars we should only make a string that is larger than the thing, that the system wants to teleport. So the car must fit into that string that should carry it from point A to point B. That is the great problem with teleportation. Making strings that are large enough, that thing requires powerful systems and dense materials can make the uniform string. 

There is the possibility that this kind of material exists only in black holes. In some visions, the spinning extremely dense materials can make the string that can transport complex systems and structures between two superpositioned and entangled particle entiretities. But the problem is this: the quantum entanglement forms between quarks or atoms. 

"Researchers have cracked a key mathematical challenge in quantum entanglement distillation, offering new hope for purer quantum states vital for quantum computing and communication. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Quantum Code Cracked: Scientists Solve 20-Year Puzzle Behind Entanglement Purity)

In that case, the system should make that superposition and entanglement between two entireties. There is the possibility that the system can make the energy bubble, like a soap bubble over the entirety. Then the system shoots laser rays over that structure. The energy beam stretches that energy bubble. And forms the channel between points A and B. Then the vacuum pulls that object through that channel. 

The second problem is where that energy balloon or bubble comes from. If that thing forms inside the structure it will crush it immediately. If we can make a ball-shaped energy field around the capsule that is powerful enough that thing could make complex-system teleportation possible. But those things can happen in the distant future. Today teleportation is only a theoretical thing. 

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-code-cracked-scientists-solve-20-year-puzzle-behind-entanglement-purity/

https://scitechdaily.com/supercharged-qubits-how-mits-quarton-coupler-accelerates-quantum-computing/

https://www.sustainability-times.com/in-depth/faster-than-anything-ever-seen-mind-blowing-speed-of-quantum-entanglement-measured-for-the-first-time-in-scientific-history/

The new evidence of controversial planet 9.

"Planet Nine is a hypothesized massive planet, first proposed in 2014, that is speculated to orbit far out in the solar system. It has not been detected formally. Instead, astronomers have inferred its presence from perceived perturbations of the orbits of some Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs). The planet is estimated to be 2 to 4 times the radius, and about ten times the mass of the Earth. (Image credit: Mark Garlick/Science Photo Library/Getty Images)" (Space.com/Evidence of controversial Planet 9 uncovered in sky surveys taken 23 years apart)

"Planet Nine would appear to move on the sky because of parallax as Earth moves around the sun. On any particular day, it might seem to be in one position, then six months later when Earth is on the other side of the sun, it would shift to another position, perhaps by 10 to 15 arcminutes — then, six months after that, it would seem to shift back to its original position. To remove the effects of parallax, Phan's team searched for Planet Nine on the same date every year in the AKARI data, because on any given date it would appear in the same place, with zero parallax shift, every year." (Space.com/Evidence of controversial Planet 9 uncovered in sky surveys taken 23 years apart)

"They then also scrutinized each candidate object that their search threw up on an hourly basis. If a candidate is a fast-moving, nearby object, then its motion would be detectable from hour to hour, and could therefore be ruled out."(Space.com/Evidence of controversial Planet 9 uncovered in sky surveys taken 23 years apart)

"It appears in one position in IRAS's 1983 image, though it was not in that position when AKARI looked. However, there is an object seen by AKARI in a position 47.4 arcminutes away that isn't there in the IRAS imagery, and it is within the range that Planet Nine could have traveled in the intervening time. In other words, this object has moved a little further along its orbit around the sun in the 23 or more years between IRAS and AKARI. This careful search led Phan's team to a single object, a tiny dot in the infrared data."(Space.com/Evidence of controversial Planet 9 uncovered in sky surveys taken 23 years apart)

Can this be Planet X? Researchers found interesting details in AI-based old-data re-analyzation.  "A comparison of the position of the candidate object in the IRAS data (left) and the AKARI data (right) and the distance in arcminutes between them. (Image credit: Phan et al (2025))" (Space.com/Evidence of controversial Planet 9 uncovered in sky surveys taken 23 years apart)

""Once we know the position of the candidate, a longer exposure with the current large optical telescopes can detect it," Phan told Space.com. "However, the follow-up observations with optical telescopes still need to cover about three square degrees because Planet Nine would have moved from the position where AKARI detected it in 2006. This is doable with a camera that has a large field of view, such as the Dark Energy Camera, which has a field of view of three square degrees on the Blanco four-meter telescope." (Space.com/Evidence of controversial Planet 9 uncovered in sky surveys taken 23 years apart)

Planet 9 might have a 23-year orbital period. The data that astronomers collected from space tells about disturbance. That repeats after 23 years. There are calculations that Planet 9 might have more mass than Neptune. And that planet's distance is about 700 times Earth's distance to the Sun. That means Planet 9 might be a frozen gas giant the long way out from the solar system. That means that if that planet exists it might be even colder than Pluto. 

There is the possibility. This kind of very cold planet's atmosphere acts like a black hole's halo. That means a very thin plasma around that planet can transport heat into its poles. Turning the gas flow into the poles. That gas flow acts like a thermal pump. The infrared radiation forms the pike-shaped structure. Similar to a neutron star's jet but very much weaker. This thing requires that the planet's own atmosphere is frozen. There is also the possibility that there are colder points in the planet's atmosphere or inside it. That makes energy flow into those colder points. 

The Iapetus moon of Saturn. "Iapetus as imaged by the Cassini orbiter in false color, September 2007. Iapetus's unusual coloration can be seen, with the equatorial ridge on the right limb. The large craters Engelier and Gerin are near the bottom." (Wikipedia, Iapetus_(moon))

The question is why we cannot see that object. One of those answers can be that dust between it and the sun can cover that planet's weak infrared signature. 

The maximum temperature of that planet might be near to 4 Kelvin. It would be roughly hotter. To the cosmic background. Or 3 Kelvin radiation. If the planet's temperature is about 0,5-5 percent higher than the cosmic background the dust can easily cover the planet's infrared signature. If dust is hotter than the planet. That makes it impossible to see it. 

Another explanation for the invisibility of Planet X can be that it's similar to the Iapetus moon. If one side of the planet is black that absorbs temperature and the other side is white that makes energy travel to the other side of the planet. That energy flow is always out from the Sun makes the planet extremely hard to detect. If the atmosphere travels to the side that is away from the Earth that causes the effect that the atmosphere can be very thin and acts like a thermal pump that makes a very unusual effect. 

That planet. If it exists is so far away from the sun that it's colder than Kuiper Belt objects. So IR radiation from those objects can cover it below it. That kind of place will freeze the planet's entire atmosphere. The thin plasma cloud makes it possible that the planet's dayside is colder than its nightside. 

Uranus's X-ray emission. "This composite image shows a Chandra X-ray image of Uranus from 2002 (pink) superimposed on an optical image from the Keck-I Telescope obtained in 2004. Image credit: NASA / CXO / University College London / Dunn et al." (SciNews, Chandra Detects X-Ray Emission from Uranus)

"This composite image shows a Chandra X-ray image of Uranus from 2002 (pink) superimposed on an optical image from the Keck-I Telescope obtained in 2004. Image credit: NASA / CXO / University College London / Dunn et al."  (SciNews, Chandra Detects X-Ray Emission from Uranus)

Sometimes impacts with its atmosphere raise the temperature.  And in those extremely frozen conditions, even the smallest temperature differences have a big effect. Conditions in the most out solar system are cold but stable. That means there are things. That is not possible near the Sun. One of those things is the plasma whirls that form magnetic fields around the dwarf planets. Near the sun the particle flow from the Sun the particle flow pushes those plasma fields away. But in the Kuiper Belt, the solar wind is very weak. 

There are many myths and theories about that mysterious object called "Planet 9" or "Planet X". When researchers talk about that object, they mean the mysterious gravity effect that disturbs Neptune's orbital trajectory. There are also theories that those interferences can be a very small black hole. The planet-mass black hole can form when things like relativistic jets hit planets. 

The small black hole can explain things like Uranus's X-ray flares. That thing would accelerate those particles at the speeds that make those X-ray flares possible. Those X-ray flares can also form when high-energy particles from Uranus's poles hit particles that come from the Sun. That can explain some of those mysterious X-ray flares. 

https://www.sci.news/astronomy/uranus-x-rays-09510.html

https://www.space.com/astronomy/solar-system/evidence-of-controversial-planet-9-uncovered-in-sky-surveys-taken-23-years-apart

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)

The high-energy jets can form new elements in the universe.

All high-energy reactions in the universe can make some new elements. The big question is which high-energy reactions (FRB, XRB, GRB) (Fast Radio Bursts, X-ray bursts, and Gamma-ray bursts) form which element? And do things like crossing GRBs form elementary particles like quarks and electrons? 

Magnetar means the neutron star that has an extraordinarily strong magnetic field. Those objects form the most powerful jets that the neutron stars can form. When those jets travel through the universe, they can push atoms together. The enormous power of those jets also forces heavier elements together. And that thing can form the situation where planetary nebulas turn into gold. The magnetar's jet forms a planet's worth of gold in less than a second. The question about the heavy element's formation is simple. 

Which elements should exist that the magnetar's jet can turn them into gold? The neutron star's collision can turn the molecular clouds and even hydrogen into gold. The shockwave can cause enormous fusion reactions around the colliding neutron stars. But the thing that really can turn even hydrogen cloud into gold is the black hole's relativistic jet. 

That jet forms in the plasma that surrounds the black hole. When a relativistic jet travels across the universe it faces things like hydrogen clouds. That jet pushes atoms together. But it also makes whirls in the nebulas when it travels through them. Those whirls can turn into the stars and maybe planets. When those powerful jets push particles together that thing makes the mass centers in the hydrogen clouds. And those mass centers start to collect gas around them. If conditions are stable enough the mass centers can turn into stars and planets. 

The power of those jets is enormous. And one of the most interesting things that the extremely fast energy flashes could make is the elementary particles. There is the possibility that when some high-energy burst crosses the relativistic jet or maybe two GRB or XRB (Gamma- or X-ray Bursts) cross each other the wave-particle duality forms also elementary particles in the universe. 

In that model, the particle formation in the universe continues. Also in the level of elementary particles like quarks, and electrons. If things like electrons or quarks form in the universe that thing opens interesting visions. 

Material is a pack of energy. And if wave movement turns into a particle, that particle is off from wave movement. So, when wave movement turns into particles there is less wave movement remaining in that area. 

Because material can turn into energy and backward energy or wave movement can turn into material we can think hypothetical space where all wave movement is packed in particles. That means there is no wave movement and all particles are surrounded by a full vacuum. The space will not seem empty but there is no wave movement around the particles. That means energy starts to travel out from them very fast. 

And those cases. Where all wave movement is packed into particles. Will not exist for a long time. The wave movement presses particles into their form. If there is no wave movement there nothing limits the energy flow away from those particles.  

https://scitechdaily.com/the-magnetar-that-forged-a-planets-worth-of-gold-in-half-a-second/

The star's collapse can also create the universe's heaviest elements.

"A star’s collapse into a black hole might create a neutron-rich jet powerful enough to forge the universe’s heaviest elements—no neutron star collision required. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Forged in Fire: How Gamma-Ray Bursts Could Create the Universe’s Heaviest Elements)

"Physicists propose that high-energy photon jets from collapsing stars may be secret factories of heavy elements like plutonium, challenging traditional theories and possibly explaining strange cosmic glows and metal traces in Earth’s crust." (ScitechDaily, Forged in Fire: How Gamma-Ray Bursts Could Create the Universe’s Heaviest Elements)

There is the possibility that when the gamma-ray burst hits a planet or star that thing forms the shockwave that creates the heaviest elements in the universe. That kind of event can happen if the GRB or some very high-energy radiation burst hits even small asteroids. 

Those shockwaves can push atoms together in molecular clouds. And maybe those shockwaves can form the gold straight from hydrogen. The neutron stars' collimation forms shockwaves that can turn hydrogen straight to gold. But the question is this: can the black hole's relativistic jet push those hydrogen atoms into gold? 

The star's collapse into a black hole can create a neutron-rich jet that forms the heaviest elements in the universe. The idea of that model is the collapsing star leaves neutrons behind it while that even happens. A star collapses into a black hole, which happens in stages. There are white dwarf- and neutron star stages but they exist maybe less than one billionth of a second. 

There can be the stage that we call a quark star. The existence of quark stars is hypothetical. And maybe those stars that form only free quarks can exist only the billionth of parts of seconds. That means quark stars are not stable things. Maybe those things exist only in a very short moment. When a star collapses into a black hole. The quarks can collapse into one entirety. 

Neutrons can resist for a short moment the final collapse black holes form when a neutron star turns denser, which means the event horizon forms in the neutron star. The most out layer of the neutron star leaves outside the event horizon. If the star is near the border that its collapse forms a heavy neutron star or lightweight black hole it's possible. 

The relativistic jets of black holes push those neutrons away, that jet that forms when material falls into the black hole pushes those neutrons that remain free near the spin axle. In some other models, the collapsing neutron star pulls an energy field in it. It's possible that when a star collapses just forming singularity will be separated from quantum fields and material that falls in the black hole. In that moment the star sends its final energy burst. 

When we think about models of stages that happen during the star collapse there is the possibility that the magnetic field falls into the black hole. During that process, the magnetic field turns denser and it travels through the particle cloud that the falling star leaves behind it. Supernova explosions are the most violent events in the universe. 

"A high-energy photonic jet (white and blue) blasts through a collapsar with a black hole at its center. The red space around the jet represents the cocoon where free neutrons may be captured causing the r process, the nucleosynthesis that results in the formation of heavy elements. Credit: Los Alamos National Laboratory" (ScitechDaily, Forged in Fire: How Gamma-Ray Bursts Could Create the Universe’s Heaviest Elements)

Those events form shockwaves and false vacuums. When the last energy eruption happens the star turns into the molecular cloud and white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole. The result of the explosion depends on the star's mass. When the supernova explosion happens the star remnant is in the absolute vacuum for a short time. Then outside material and energy start to fill that bubble. Those upcoming fields press particles into one point. There are always stages when things like neutrons can resist gravity. 

When we think of things like magnetars are lightweight neutron stars and neutron star's magnetic fields interact when their mass grows. Neutron star's magnetic fields turn weaker when their mass grows. For formation, the magnetic field requires that the neutron star's nucleus rotates different speed than its shell. When a neutron star's mass turns so heavy that it loses its magnetic field and its core rotates with the same speed as its shell. 

It's possible that the neutron star simply collapses. Does the neutron star really collapse into a black hole? That depends on the rotation speed where centripetal force keeps the shell out from neutron star's core. The outgoing energy should resist the gravity field. When a neutron star's structure's spin slows they send energy out from them. That energy keeps the neutron star's shell and core out from each other. 

If the neutron star's internal structure rotates at a different speed than an outer shell it forms an impacting or standing wave in the "neutron liquid", or "fermi liquid" which is "liquid" but very dense and heavy material. That wave can resist the gravity field.  Maybe there are many layers in neutron stars. That rotates at different speeds. The neutrons at its shell rotate in opposite directions than the entirety. There are also protons in neutron stars' outer crust. 

"Cross-section of neutron star. Densities are in terms of ρ0 the saturation nuclear matter density, where nucleons begin to touch." (Wikipedia, Neutron star)

Those things act like little rolls or balls. And they harness energy from inside their structure. The shape depends on gravity's ability to pull those three quarks of neutron into a straight line. Another thing is that sometimes neutrons decay also in neutron stars. That forms a hole in the neutron structure. 

When a neutron star's nucleus rotates with the same speed as the neutron star's core the neutron star's nature changes. There are no standing waves between the neutron star's core and its shell. Energy travels out from the neutron stars. But the particle that sends that energy- or wave movement is so small that lots of that energy travels straight through even neutrons. Neutron stars will not collapse into a black hole. 

That energy interaction. Has complicated component interactions with radiation that neutron star sends. The fusion reaction happens on the neutron star's shell. And that The neutron star's electromagnetic field keeps it in its form. The outcoming particles cause nuclear reactions in the neutron star's core. In nuclear reactions, a neutron star's shell pushes energy into the neutron star. 

That energy pushes neutron stars into denser form. With the gravity. That energy pushes neutron stars into black holes. The energy that comes from a neutron star's shell impacts its core and jumps back. Things that resist the neutron star's turn into black holes are centripetal force and the energy that comes from the neutron star's nucleus. Those forces are the internal magnetic field and energy reflection from the neutron star's shell. 

When a neutron star's core's speed is the same as its nucleus the EM radiation that we see as magnetic or electric fields turns weaker. Then gravitation. And outcoming energy will press the neutron star into the black hole. That reaction can happen if the neutron starts going into too dense material cloud. If fusion on its shell turns into too high power that presses the neutron star into a black hole. 

https://scitechdaily.com/forged-in-fire-how-gamma-ray-bursts-could-create-the-universes-heaviest-elements/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_star

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_star