Sunday, February 11, 2024

The Schrödinger's cat. And system theory.



The image of the boxes above this text symbolizes complex systems. 

The idea of Scrödinger's cat thinking experiment is that when we don't know about the particle's existence, that particle or system is dead. But knowledge of its existence brings it alive. And in the quantum world, "existence" is a sliding term. The existence slides from the idea and knowledge to kinetic experience. Between knowledge and kinetic experience is the visual experience. And finally, we can measure things. Particles are also systems. They are objects that quantum fields surround.



The idea of Scrödinger's cat think experiment is that when we don't know about the particle's existence, that particle or system is dead. But knowledge of its existence brings it alive. And in the quantum world, "existence" is a sliding term. The existence slides from the idea and knowledge to kinetic experience. Between knowledge and kinetic experience is the visual experience. And finally, we can measure things. Particles are also systems. Objects that quantum fields surround. 

There could be a virtual ability to exchange information between particles or systems. And that means we cannot sometimes be sure is system real, or is it virtual? Sometimes objects in space seem to be somewhere else than they are. And that thing forms virtual systems like the famous image of two "elliptic galaxies that orbit Andromeda Galaxy. Those "galaxies" are stars in our galaxy Milky Way, and their position makes them look like orbiting Andromeda galaxy. 




But things like high-energy systems are real systems, even if there are no particles in that system. The ability to affect other systems makes the system real. 

The famous thinking experiment about a cat that is living and dead at the same time can have functions in information, quantum, and system theories. And maybe we could connect those theories into one thing, that we can call theory about quantum systems and information. 

The world is full of systems. We can think that the system is like a house. We can see the house from the outside. And then, we can see what the house looks like from the outside. When we can go in the house, and see some parts of the system inside. 

Because. We have been outside the house. We know what the house looks like from the outside. If we would spend all of our lives in that building we would know that there is a world outside it. We might know what the building looks like if we see that thing from the net or ask some outsider to bring the image of it to us. 

But we cannot be sure if the image is right. We might see people on the streets, but we never talk with them. Everything that we know about the outside world depends on the information that we can get from other people. 

That situation is in cosmology. The only system we know is the universe. And things like galaxies are its subsystems. Well, the universe is the entirety. And there are multiple subsystems. Before we can reach the galactic scale. 

We know that there should be particles and even universes outside our universe. But we cannot get straight data from those things, because energy travels only out from the universe. The mysterious dark energy could be the gravity effect from other universes. But we cannot see that other universe. 

And then at the corridor. We can see that there are rooms in the house. Those rooms are subsystems. But floors are also subsystems. And they are energy levels in the system. 

We cannot see the internal structure of the subsystem before we are in it. But in that case, we can observe only a small part of the system. And then there are more systems invisible to us. When we focus on the small part of the system. We cannot see the entirety. 

The floors are energy levels. Those upper floors can look like same with subsystems below them. But they are not the same or similar. Because their energy level is higher. If we want to determine precisely the object's place in the system, we cannot determine its speed or energy layer. 

The reason for that is that all observations. What we can get is from the past. If an object moves that thing means its position data is from the past. An object moves in space. Or in energy level or time when information reaches the observer. 

The energy level determines the existence or lifetime of the particle. There are always places that we cannot ever reach. One possibility is that this place that we cannot reach is the black hole or some other energy system that keeps the system in one piece. 



Then back to that cat. 


The system and its subsystem can form particles or it can form wave movement. The fact is that also wave movement systems are real systems, even if we call them virtual systems. High-energy holograms can also cause the same effect as particles. 

When we think of Schrödinger's cat that lives and is dead at the same time. we can think that when people talk about that cat. That information makes it alive. But when we look at the imaginational image of that cat, we can see that we cannot see it in the box. Or we can see in the box, and then we can ask, is that cat in place physically, or is the cat only some kind of 3D hologram? 

The cat in the box is the subsystem. But the subsystem can be virtual or it can be physical. And the thing is that holograms can also involve data in the form of photons, where quantum computers store data using superposition and entangled photons. To make sure that the cat is material we must touch it. 

If the cat is a virtual system like a hologram we can see that virtual system as a material system. The virtual system can communicate or exchange information with us using radio telephones and cameras. In that case, the virtual system is the physical system's subsystem. The physical operator can use the camera and loudspeaker to communicate with the persons who are researching this thing. 



We cannot get a clear image of it. The disturbing things like lights cover the entire shape of that cat. Or is it a cat at all? Is it some kind of alien species? That just claims to be a cat. The radioactive thing near that cat symbolizes that its life ends sooner or later. At least when the universe turns into an electromagnetic wave movement. That cat's existence as particles ends. 

But its consciousness remains forever in the form of superstrings the electromagnetic waves that travel in space. The cat might not be able to come out of the box.  But if the box is made of glass and there is no mirror, we can try to communicate with the cat. We can ask what kind of thing it is. Or we can show it something like a mouse that cats normally eat, and observe its reactions. 

The remarkable thing is that even if the cat exists in physical form it would not know what it is. The cat knows that it's a cat, only if somebody tells that thing to it. If the only world that the cat knows is the box, it might think that the world outside it is virtual. 

The only thing that a cat knows about its internal structures is the mirror images of itself. Or some other actor must tell those things like internal organs for the cat. 


Wednesday, February 7, 2024

Higgs Boson decay might revolutionize physics.


"Candidate Higgs boson events from collisions between protons in the LHC" (Wikipedia, Higgs Boson


Higgs Boson is one of the most difficult objects for observers. The short existence of the Higgs Boson means. That there is a very short time to make observations. Higgs Boson may have a spin. But the Higgs Boson's spin is hard to detect because the existence of that particle is so short. 

Higgs Boson is the highest energy and shortest living particle that can change how we understand physics. The decay itself is the thing that gives information about things like WARP bubbles and other kinds of things. When ultra-high energy particles come into the environment, whose energy level is the same as it is on Earth it sends an energy pulse. 



That energy pulse forms a shockwave that will not let outside quantum fields affect to Higgs Boson or any other high-energy particle. The bubble exists and expands until that shockwave's energy level is lower than the environment. There is an electromagnetic vacuum that pulls energy away from that particle. And this energy flow rips Higgs Boson into pieces. 


The thing is that researchers are not sure about the shape of the Higgs Boson. The thing is that researchers have seen some kind of flexing or anomalies in the shape of the Higgs Boson. And that thing causes theories that this boson involves some, even more, smaller and higher energy particles. There is another thing about the Higgs Boson and that thing is that some researchers are not sure, if this Higgs Boson is the same boson, that Higgs predicted. 

Some people say. This Higgs Boson is found in too low energy levels. The prediction was that the Higgs Boson could be found in the energy level that can form in an asteroid belt-size particle accelerator.  But the LHC accelerator found that particle, called Higgs Boson. The thing is that there is a prediction or theory that between photons and Higgs Bosons is only one or at least a couple of particles. But can we find those particles? That is the key question about the physics. 


https://bigthink.com/hard-science/higgs-boson-decay/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson


https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/08/higgs-boson-decay-might-revolutionize-physics/


Saturday, February 3, 2024

The confirmation of quark material existence is on the door.


"Artist’s impression of the different layers inside a massive neutron star, with the red circle representing a sizable quark-matter core. (Image: Jyrki Hokkanen, CSC)" (University of  Helsinki, Further evidence for quark matter cores in massive neutron stars)


The models created for neutron stars can be used to model still hypothetical quark stars. 


Researchers at the University of Helsinki are close to proving the existence of an exotic material called quark material. That material existence in extremely heavy neutron stars is almost confirmed. Now we can say that this material opens the path to finding a new star type called quark stars.  The quark stars would be objects between black holes and neutron stars. 

The quark star forms during a supernova explosion and melts protons and neutrons together. And that reaction forms material where only quarks exist. The quark stars' rotation would be very fast. That rotation where centripetal force resists gravity is the requirement that a quark star will not fall into a black hole. 

And if that rotation ends, the quark star will fall into a black hole. The quark material is the strongest known material in the universe if it exists. When neutrons and protons make so-called quantum fusion, where proton and neutron melt into one entirety. That reaction delivers more energy than people think. It's possible that around the quark star forms a small cosmic void, that can rip the quark star in pieces. 

The biggest difference between a neutron star and a quark star is in the reaction that forms the star. In neutron stars electrons impact with protons. This reaction turns protons and electrons into neutrons. In still hypothetical quark stars neutrons impact with protons. The other model is that the neutrons impact with other neutrons. In that model, the shockwave falls in the supernova explosion. With gravity pulls or pushes neutrons together. 



Quark stars may have a homogenous structure. That means the quark star's shell and core rotate at the same speed. This thing makes its magnetic field quite weak. 


In that model, the quark star's shell and its core have the same rotation speed. That thing probably denies the form of the magnetic field. Or quark star's interaction with plasma around it forms a magnetic field. The quark stars are hypothetical forms. And for that structure, we can use the same models with neutron stars. 

The high-speed rotation of that structure turns quantum fields in the direction of the rotation axle. And that thing turns quantum fields to the sideways from the orbiter. That could explain material disks and the relativistic jets. The plasma that orbits the black hole forms its magnetic field. 

But if we think that the hypothetical quark stars are even heavier or something slows their rotation too much. That thing causes an effect where quarks press together into one entirety. When quarks that form quark stars melt together, the fall of the structure pulls quantum fields against that object. This thing forms a black hole. In black holes. The magnetic field forms when plasma whirls around the relativistic jet at different speeds. 

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Are quark stars the thing that is behind the FRBs (the fast radio bursts)? 


But then back to the quark stars. Quark stars may not have a very strong magnetic field. The reason for that is that there is a possibility that quark stars are homogenous structures. The free quarks in the quark star's nucleus can be called quark gas. 

Otherwise, there could be free quarks, the quark gas in the structure. Those free quarks can form a stronger magnetic field than any magnetar can form. The reason why I believe in homogenous structure is that. There is no evidence of the quark star pulsar. It's still possible that a fast-rotating quark star's centripetal force pulls those quarks away from each other. And that could be from that quark gas. So could the quark stars be behind the FRB:s. That fast rotation theory, where extremely fast rotation forms free quarks in quarks stars explains why those FRBs:s happen suddenly. 

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In neutron stars, the lightest neutron stars have the strongest magnetic fields. 


The neutron star's shell's rotation speed compared to its core's rotation speed is the thing that determines the power of the magnetic field. The neutron star's shell acts the same way as a generator. 

The difference between its shell and core speed is lower in heavy neutron stars. That means their magnetic field is weaker than light neutron stars called magnetars. 

There is a possibility that in some cases the reason for the FRB is that the magnetar's shell will start to rotate in an opposite direction than its shell. In that case, the magnetar's magnetic field turns extremely strong. Things like black holes and neutron stars that are part of binary stars can open this mystery. And maybe someday, we can find the most exotic star in the universe, the object that forms pure quarks. This is one thing that can help solve the mysteries in the universe. 


https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/human-centric-technology/further-evidence-quark-matter-cores-massive-neutron-stars


https://www.universetoday.com/130031/what-are-quark-stars/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_star


https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/04/the-confirmation-of-quark-material-existence-is-on-the-door/



Friday, February 2, 2024

Black holes that eat their nearby stars give information about the formation of those mysterious objects.


"Illustration of a tidal disruption event (TDE). A new study by MIT researchers using infrared data has uncovered 18 tidal disruption events in diverse galaxies, expanding our understanding of these phenomena and resolving longstanding puzzles in the field. Credit: Carl Knox – OzGrav, ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, Swinburne University of Technology" (ScitechDaily, Galactic Predators Unveiled: MIT Astronomers Spot 18 Black Holes Devouring Nearby Stars)


Researchers observed 18 black holes that pull material from nearby stars. That research gave information about black hole's nature and their interaction with 3D spacetime. We know that the most powerful object in the universe is not stable. All black holes vaporize, and whenever they send gravitational waves. 

And sooner or later all black holes turn into gravitational waves. The vaporization speed is not stable. When a black hole pulls lots of material in it vaporization is slow. But when there is no material that a black hole can pull in that increases the vaporization speed. Sometimes black holes pull too much material into them. 


That thing forms a short-term cosmic void around the black hole. And in that moment black holes lose extraordinary lots of mass. If a black hole also pulls quantum fields inside it with speed. That creates a quantum vacuum around the black hole. And other fields cannot replace that field immediately. A black hole sends extraordinarily strong gravitational waves. 

A black hole is an extremely heavy object. And even small mass percent that leaves from black holes causes massive effects. The effect where those black hole's mass turns into gravitational waves causes a situation, that black holes are not stable. If we think that 6 sun mass black hole loses Earth mass material that affects the trajectories around the black hole, in that case, lots of photons and electrons will slip out from the black hole's massive gravity. 


When black holes pull material from nearby stars it should expand. When a black hole's mass rises its gravity field should turn stronger. But if material vanishes somewhere. That thing can cause black holes to not expand. In some models, the researchers will get evidence of the wormholes existing by observing black holes that will not expand even if they pull very much material in them. 

But as I wrote many times before black holes are extreme objects. They pull radiation in them. When the event horizon oscillates it sends wave movement also into the black hole. That wave movement reflects from its core. Or from somewhere from inside the event horizon. 

The gravitational waves are an interesting thing. They are wave movements just like all other wave movements. It's possible that most gravitational waves are forming in the standing gravitational waves or gravitational fields should form the event horizon. 

A black hole is an interaction. Upcoming quantum fields press the black hole from outside. And incoming gravitational radiation tries to push that event horizon away. If outcoming quantum fields do not exist the black hole will detonate. 

In some models, the giant Boöetes void and some other cosmic voids are formed when some black holes are vaporized or detonated with extremely fast speed. There is a theoretical situation that a very large and bright star detonates as a supernova. That shockwave can form a cosmic void that surrounds the black hole. Then that cosmic void rips the black hole into pieces. In those models, there is no counterpressure for the radiation that comes out from the black hole. 


https://scitechdaily.com/galactic-predators-unveiled-mit-astronomers-spot-18-black-holes-devouring-nearby-stars/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%B6tes_Void


https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/02/black-holes-that-eat-their-nearby-stars-give-information-about-the-formation-of-those-mysterious-objects/

Thursday, February 1, 2024

What if hypothetical tachyons are behind the gravitons?


"Candidate Higgs boson events from collisions between protons in the LHC" (Wikipedia, Higgs boson)


Graviton should exist. It is a hypothetical transmitter particle that transmits gravitation. That is the theory of the gravitation. But graviton may be a fermion. In that case, a graviton could be the small, quantum-size black hole that forms quarks or gluons around it. 

Or maybe a graviton is a quantum-size black hole between a gluon and a quark. The graviton form is a mystery because nobody saw it. In some theories, free gravitons are the WIMPs, also hypothetical dark matter particles. 

Could the so-called hypothetical superstring the tunnel, that also a hypothetical faster-than-light, tachyon particle leave behind it?

There is the possibility that graviton just sends gravitational waves. In some models, gravitational waves are extremely small skyrmions. That travels around superstrings. Those hypothetical superstrings could be the tunnels that also hypothetical tachyon particles leave behind them. 


But graviton could also be a so-called quasiparticle. That quasiparticle would form when another hypothetical particle, tachyon travels across the universe. 


The problem with hypothetical tachyon is this. It is too fast. And high-energy objects that it can scatter. The tachyon would tunnel itself through even elementary particles. And that causes the theory that maybe tachyon and graviton are the same thing. When a tachyon hits a particle from forward it forms a small hole in that particle. That thing could be the quantum low pressure or quantum shadow. That pulls particles forward. 

Then tachyon acts like a bullet and takes a small part of the particle's internal quantum field with it. When tachyon travels out from another side of the particle it transfers energy to the backward of a larger particle. When that energy travels to the particle's front side, it pushes the particle forward. The tachyon could be extremely small. And high-energy particles that are far smaller than gluon. Maybe those hypothetical tachyons exist between quarks and gluons. 


Theoretically, tachyons could exist. However, the problem is that their energy level is too high that they can interact with other particles. That means Tachyon would be in the 4th. dimension.

If the tachyon hits the photon. Its energy level can decrease so much that it can interact with 3D particles. But that means the tachyon turns into the photon immediately. 

But in some models, hypothetical faster-than-light particles called tachyon could be the thing that forms graviton. If that particle is real it could form a hole in the quantum field. That hole could be similar to an electron-hole or a positive electric field that makes an electron orbit it in exciton.

If that faster-than-light particle exists it's impossible to see that particle itself. But it can leave a track in the quantum field. That track would be the small vacuum where those quantum fields fall. And then those quantum fields impact in the middle of that track or tunnel. If that tunnel turns into a spiral form it could create a small wormhole. When that small tunnel collapses it sends a small energy impulse, that could explain dark energy. 

 If a tachyon hits photons it releases its energy to them. And that thing can form the energy wave that is dark energy. To prove the existence of tachyon researchers must find photon that comes from nothing. 

So that means tachyon would be a photon with an extremely high energy level. The tachyon theory goes like this. Tachyon's energy level is so high that it cannot interact with other particles. In that model, tachyons would be in the 4. th dimension. And they would be the lowest energy particles in that dimension. 

If a tachyon's energy level is too high, and it hits a photon it can also raise the photon's energy level so high, that it turns into a tachyon. So photon loses its ability to interact with other particles. And in that case, there would form the hole in the universe or quantum field where that photon was. Confirmation of tachyonic interaction can also be done by observing photons and seeing if some of them vanish. 


Theoretically is possible to turn photons into tachyons by pumping energy into the stopped photons. 


The reason why we cannot see a hypothetical tachyon is when that particle starts interacting with the universe or quantum fields it turns into a photon. So, we cannot see the tachyon when it's tachyon. When that hypothetical particle turns into a photon, it sends an energy impulse, that is similar to Cherenkov radiation. In that model tachyon is the thing that sends so-called dark energy. 


Could vaporizing black holes form a tachyon? 


But the question about tachyon is what it is. In some models, the photon that turns into the super-high energy state could turn into a tachyon. Or when a photon stretches into the wave movement, it starts to spin around its center point like a helicopter's rotor. And that thing makes the photons most out point travel faster than light. 

But in some models, the particle can cross the cosmic speed limit in another way. When a particle drops into a black hole its speed is as high as the escaping velocity. So if a large part of the black hole suddenly vaporizes and the size of the event horizon turns smaller. It's possible that when a black hole is lost from around the particle, it continues to travel with speed. That is higher than the speed of light. 

The thing, that makes this model interesting, and difficult to prove is that it also means that a photon can transform into some other particle, and maybe that particle is between a photon and a Higgs boson. That process requires the photon will turn into a "ball" and lose its ability to transform between particle and wave movement. But nobody saw that transformation. 

It's possible that the particle. That we call Higgs boson is not the same that Higgs originally predicted. Some researchers say that the energy level that the large Hadron collider at CERN cannot reach is the energy level that can "shoot" the original Higgs boson out from particles. Another question is could there be some particles between photons and Higgs bosons?



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exciton


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstring_theory


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark


https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/02/what-if-hypothetical-tachyons-are-behind-the-gravitons/


Photons and superconductors are key elements in future computing.

 


"At the University of Rostock, researchers have combined PT(Parity-Time) symmetry with topology in photonic chips, challenging previous beliefs about open systems and topological insulators, and paving the way for innovative technological applications. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Photonic Chips Blaze New Trails in Light Dynamics)

Superconductors are important tools for next-generation quantum computers. But also binary computers can use superconductors for making two identical data lines. The idea is that the superconducting systems make it possible to make quantum entanglement in superconducting materials. 

In superconducting materials, the quantum entanglement can form over excitons or polaritons that are so-called quasiparticles. In excitons, the electron orbits an electron-hole. And it's possible. That a laser or some other radiation can freeze two electrons that orbit a deep electron hole in a certain position. Then the system can put those electrons in superposition and entanglement. 

In binary systems, quantum entanglement on both sides of the radiation source makes it possible for identical data to travel in two lines. And also the same system can drive information in two identical quantum computers. 


"Graphic representation of a microstructured sample (red) for electrical measurements on unconventional superconductors. Gold and platinum are used for contacting. Electrons (green spheres) couple in pairs via vibrational or magnetic fluctuations. Credit: B. Schröder/ HZDR" (ScitechDaily, UTe2 Unleashes New Superconductivity Secrets)

One version of how to transmit information in computing systems is infrared radiation. Infrared is the temperature. In those systems, the system can measure energy levels using thermometers.  It's important to know energy levels. On both sides of the quantum entanglement.  One way to measure the difference of energy levels it measure temperatures. 

The temperature is a relative thing. The object is warm or cold when the system compares the base object to some other object. When we think about the temperature on gas planets like Neptune's Triton moon we can say that Neptune's dayside is very hot to nightside. 

The temperature difference between night and dayside is over 300 C. And even if the average temperature on that moon is 35 K, the temperature difference between day and night is very high. And that means Triton's dayside is very hot in comparison with nightside. 


"Above is a graphic displaying optical thermometry based on LIR of Yb,Ho:GYTO single crystal. Credit: Chuancheng Zhang, Shoujun Ding, Miaomiao Wang, Hao Ren, Xubing Tang, Yong Zou, Renqin Dou & Wenpeng Liu" (ScitechDaily, Revolutionizing Temperature Measurement: The Magic of Upconversion Luminescence)

In some systems, there is the base element, and then the system compares the temperatures of one or two objects. And that information is important when the system calculates how long the quantum entanglement remains. When the energy level in quantum entanglement is the same, that destroys the entanglement. 


"Frenkel exciton, bound electron-hole pair where the hole is localized at a position in the crystal represented by black dots" (Wikipedia, Exciton).Excitons are quasiparticles there electron orbits the electron hole that is a positive energy field. When researchers talk about the electrons that can be put in superposition and entanglement over exciton. When researchers talk about the electrons that can be put in superposition and entanglement over exciton. They must use two excitons that are in line. 

This is the reason why another side of the quantum entanglement must be at a higher energy level. There is a possibility to make the quantum entanglement series that makes those entanglements operate without breaks. When quantum entanglement both sides close to the same level the system will transport information from receiving particle to particle there that data can wait for the next run. Then that particle starts to transport information to the lower energy-level particle. 


"This illustration shows that a pair of intense THz laser pulses drives spin waves in an antiferromagnetic material, which radiate nonlinear emissions at the sum- and difference-frequencies. Credit: Illustration courtesy of University of Texas at Austin & MIT researchers.) (ScitechDaily, How Invisible Light Is Shaping the Future of High-Speed Computing)

The photonic microchips are the next-generation tools for computing. Photonic microchips are tools that can make computers faster than ever before. The border layer between photonic- and electric computers is important things. On that layer. Electric impulses from keyboards and mice will turn into the photonic model. The ultra-fast photonic computers are required to run the AI that controls quantum systems. 

But the photonic systems can also operate independently. In a photonic computer might be two or three photonic lines. In that kind of system line 1 could tell that power is on. Then lines 2 and 3 are the bits 0 and 1. In those systems, photons travel into the photon sensor or photoelectric cell. When the photon travels in line 1 and reaches the sensor, the AI-based operating system translates the impulse from line 1 sensor to zero.

The system translates impulse from line 2 into one. This kind of system can operate longer time with maximum speed. Advanced quantum computers require extremely fast-reacting AI and supercomputers. Temperatures are problems when the electric computers operate. 



https://scitechdaily.com/how-invisible-light-is-shaping-the-future-of-high-speed-computing/


https://scitechdaily.com/photonic-chips-blaze-new-trails-in-light-dynamics/


https://scitechdaily.com/revolutionizing-temperature-measurement-the-magic-of-upconversion-luminescence/


https://scitechdaily.com/ute2-unleashes-new-superconductivity-secrets/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exciton


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hermitian_quantum_mechanics


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polariton


https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/01/photons-and-superconductors-are-key-elements-in-future-computing/

The slow stars around the Milky Way cause problems with dark matter theories.

" New research by MIT reveals that stars at the edge of the Milky Way move slower than anticipated, implying the galaxy’s core may contain less dark matter, challenging current astronomical theories. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Galactic Surprise: Milky Way’s Slower Outer Stars Suggest Dark Matter Overestimated)



The question of dark matter existence is interesting, and new observations challenge that theory. The prime question about dark matter is that nobody has any contact or observations about that thing, that causes gravitational effect. The thing that could explain why stars near the Milky Way edge behave as they behave is that there is less dark matter than researchers expected. 


Do stars around other galaxies act like those slow stars at the edge of the Milky Way?


Or the dark matter distribution around the galaxy is different than thought. Maybe dark matter forms larger or denser gobs around black holes than researchers calculated. And that means there is more dark matter around the center of the galaxy. And uneven distribution of that thing causes stars to move slower than they should at the edge of the Milky Way. 


What can also cause a dark gravitational effect than theoretical dark matter?   


If we think that the nature of gravity is it interacts with the environment. That thing can explain why there is a dark gravity effect. That source is unknown. In that model, some very thin energy beams act like thermal pumps that pull energy with them. That means the relativistic jets near black holes can explain that dark gravity effect. When a relativistic jet travels in the universe, that thing pulls energy with it. That causes a situation where quantum fields or energy around a relativistic jet falls to that jet. 

So if relativistic jets are longer than researchers calculated. That can form a situation, where gravity doesn't interact as calculated. Same way if some kind of beam travels through the universe that thing causes a similar effect to a thermal pump or relativistic jet. The colder areas in the microwave background show that some super-powerful relativistic jets may travel through the universe. 



Cosmic microwave background 



"Maybe" is a keyword in dark matter. 


And the reason for that is nobody has seen dark matter. There is the theory of WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive particles). But nobody saw any WIMP yet. So that causes questions about the dark matter existence. We know that the gravitational effect exists. In some models, WIMPs are quantum or atom-size black holes. Or maybe, there are just more black holes in the Milky Way than expected. 

WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) may be virtual particles. The energy whirls, standing gravity waves, and small cosmic voids can act like particles. 

But nobody knows the source of that effect. And that's why the dark matter should rename as "dark gravity". The question is what can cause a dark gravitational effect? The key question is what kind of particles are invisible? In some models, dark matter is an ordinary material that travels in energy beams of black holes. 

Those gamma- and X-rays can input very high energy levels in particles that travel in them. And that thing turns the energy level, and those particles' mass turns higher than it should be. When those particles travel out from those relativistic jets they release their energy as energy bursts. And that thing can connect those particles with dark energy. 

Another way standing gravitational waves can form a point that looks like a particle. Or maybe the small cosmic voids are the thing that forms dark matter. When those cosmic voids collapse they pull energy or quantum fields inside them. And then those quantum fields reflect from inside that thing. Those things can also explain dark energy. 


https://scitechdaily.com/galactic-surprise-milky-ways-slower-outer-stars-suggest-dark-matter-overestimated/

Spacetime’s two faces can look similar, but they are not the same.

 Spacetime’s two faces can look similar, but they are not the same.  "This animation of DESI's 3D map of the large-scale structure ...