At the beginning of this text is a film about the redshift of black holes. Gravitation stretches light, and that means gravitation fields are pulling waves longer. That thing is called the gravitational redshift. As you can see from the film, the black hole stretches radiation and distorts the redshift. Gravitational redshift, or virtual redshift, means that a black hole might seem to be at a longer distance than it is. The film shows the redshift of the star that orbits a supermassive black hole. But all other black holes interact the same way.
The event horizon is always constant. At that point, the black hole's escaping velocity is the same as the speed of light. So every black hole interacts basically in the same way. And it's possible to apply that model to all black holes irrespective of their size.
Is gravitation the thing that forms dark energy? That thing seems somehow strange. But when photons and other particles are traveling through the ball that forms the visible universe, the gravitation behind those particles pulls them backward. When particles slow their speed, they must release their energy. So is the source of dark energy in particles that are slowing down when they travel across the visible universe. In that model, particles are transforming gravitation into some other type of radiation.
The fact is that visible material forms only a small part of the universe. And that means the universe's real geometrical form remains unknown.
Researchers are trying to measure the universe to find dark matter and prove the theorem about the accelerating expansion of the universe right or wrong. We know that there is too much energy in the universe. And we also know that there is too much material in the universe.
The shape of the universe is like a ball. Or, actually, in some theories, the geometrical shape of the universe is like a spiral galaxy. The visible material is forming a shell where almost all the visible structures of the universe are.
So if there are any structures outside that ball, they are hard to detect. The term "dark matter" means material that cannot interact with visible material. There are galaxies in the universe where is no dark matter. That means dark matter can form similar structures with visible material.
The universe's geometrical shape is mystery. (Image: Quanta magazine)
That means we should say that the visible universe is the entirety where all particles and radiation that can interact straight with the material that forms us exist.
In some models, the ball shape of the visible universe is the reason why there is dark matter. The energy travels from the shell into the middle of that giant ball, where all the visible material is. And there, that energy reflects from the point, which is precisely in the middle of the visible universe. In some models, just at the place where the Big Bang happened is a giant black hole, the gravitational center of the universe.
The thing that supports this model is the cosmic flow. All galaxies and galaxy groups seem to travel in the same direction. That thing tells us that there might be some kind of gravitational center in the visible universe. And that thing means that the universe is like a giant vacuum bomb.
https://www.quantamagazine.org/what-shape-is-the-universe-closed-or-flat-20191104
https://scitechdaily.com/at-the-universes-edge-scientists-put-einstein-and-euler-to-the-test/?expand_article=1
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