In the beginning, I must say that proving some of those claims right or wrong is a hard thing. The things where the universe began are limited to the Big Bang. And what happened before the Big Bang is purely hypothetical.
Where does the material come from, and what is dark matter? Dark matter is dominating part of the material in the universe. And this is why we should say that visible material is a very unusual thing in the universe. The most dominating thing is dark energy. That rips the universe into pieces. The main question is why energy that has no interaction can destroy the universe?
Could there be the "sub-quarks" inside quarks? If that thing is true, the quarks would be mini-versions of protons and neutrons. But that thing is a pure hypothesis.
If energy interacts, it must raise the particle's energy level. Or change its position. So how wave motion that has no interaction can rip the universe into pieces? That thing requires interaction. And that means there could be some, still unknown particle. That particle X should interact with dark energy. And that is the thing that moves particles away from each other.
So could there be some kind of sub-quarks in the quarks? Could quark be a similar particle with protons and neutrons? But the size of those sub-particles would be smaller. And could the gluons be the electrons of those hypothetical non-elementary quarks?
The next things are at least statistically wrong, but there is the possibility that we can ever confirm those things. And honestly, in some of those cases, there are not even models that can explain those things.
1) Steady-state of the universe
The cosmic inflation along with cosmic expansion show that theories of a stable universe are wrong. This thing is clear. Only alternation in the universe is stable.
2) Our universe will someday collapse.
The fact is that we don't know the geometrical form of the universe. And we don't know the ultimate fate of the universe. But the probability that expansion continues forever is 2/3. Only the ball-shaped universe can collapse.
The thing is that dark matter can form a ball outside the universe. But then the fact is that we cannot at least easily measure the real form of the universe. The reason for that is that we are in the universe.
3) The hot Big Bang began from a singularity.
The fact is that nobody knows where the materials that form the universe came from. One of the theories is that there was some kind of black hole. That black hole could be one of the explanations for the beginning of the universe.
But the fact is that time before the Big Bang is a mystery. The ball-shaped structure that we can see is only a little part of the universe. And the singularity will just transfer the final question: where does the universe come from? The existence of the singularity requires that there was some kind of black hole.
4) The speed of gravitation is infinity fast.
Nothing can travel infinite fast. There are always limits on the speed. The fact is that all particles and wave motion can travel at the same speed. But that thing is possible only in black holes. And if theoretical wormholes are existing all particles can travel in that channel. Also, WARP-bubbles are making it possible that all the particles can travel at the same speed as photons.
The wormhole is the channel-form electromagnetic vacuum or WARP channel that connects two points in the universe. The energy that can make this channel where is no electromagnetic fields is huge.
And there is the possibility that the WARP channels or wormholes are the channels that are surrounded by electromagnetic radiation. That high-power wave motion that is like tape around the wormhole denies that the outer-size wave motion cannot affect to particles that travel in it.
In that channel, all particles and wave motion are traveling at the same speed. But nothing can travel with infinite speed.
5) Dark matter is "normal matter" that is invisible.
Sometimes is introduced that dark matter is "simply" the energy state of matter. When the energy quantum impacts some particle, that particle takes that energy load to its quantum field. When energy stress ends. The material will release that extra energy in the form of wave motion. That wave motion continues until the material and its environment reach the same energy level.
The idea of this theory is simple. The matter wobbles between dark and visible states. But that theory has never been very popular. In most of the theories, dark matter is the stable form of matter. But the thing is that the form of the dark matter remains a mystery until it's captured.
Dark matter is more than just normal material that is invisible. The dark matter doesn't react. So is dark matter normal matter at all? Dark matter consists of about 85% of the universe. And if we think that the majority of the material is dark matter because only 15% of the material is visible or causes a detectable reaction. That thing has caused theories that dark matter can be free gluons.
Or it can be the source of dark energy. In some other theories, the black holes are claimed to the dark matter. The idea could be that dark matter is just black holes that are too massive. But those things are only theories. Dark matter is the gravitational effect.
https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/cosmic-ideas-wrong/
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