Gravitational interaction tells researchers that dark matter and visible matter have similar structures.

Gravitation and dark matter are interesting things. Sometimes somebody asked, could graviton solve the question of dark matter? The fact is this. Because dark matter interacts through gravitation there is some common structure between visible material and dark matter. And that common structure could be a hypothetical graviton. The problem is that nobody has seen dark matter yet. 

The atom-size atom clocks can search dark matter gobs or glimpses. If there is a dark matter structure somewhere. The extremely small atom clocks should react with that thing. Those very small atom clocks can form the compound eye that searches gravitational waves and dark matter gobs. 

The sensor bases the idea that dark matter gob causes local time dilation. And if two atom clocks see the same type of time dilation in different places gravitational waves cause those anomalies or slows in time. If time dilation is local the reason for that could be gop of dark matter. 

In some models, theoretical axion particles and WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) are members of different dark matter elementary particle groups. In this model, dark matter is similar to elementary particles as visible material. That means there are dark bosons, dark fermions, and dark leptons whose energy level is so high that they cannot interact with visible material. 

"Hubble's 3D map of the Universe's dark matter scaffolding." (BigThink.com)

"Scientists are leveraging optical atomic clocks, which are ultra-sensitive quantum sensors, in the quest for dark matter. (Artist’s concept.)" (ScitechDaily.com/Miniaturized Atomic Clocks: Accelerating the Search for Dark Matter – And Beyond). 

A theoretical gravitational quantum computer uses time dilation as qubits. 

In the far future atom clocks and time dilation can use in gravitational qubits that use time dilation as it states. The thing is that the gravitational field can use in qubit as well as electromagnetism. In gravitational qubits, electricity is replaced by the gravitational field. And gravitational qubit would be the superposition in a gravitational field. 

But if researchers can create this type of qubit by using particles that makes it easier to control. And that is one of the reasons why gravitons are under research. In gravitational qubits the superpositioned and entangled gravitons make qubits. In regular quantum computers, the superpositioned and entangled photons make that process. And in gravitational quantum computers, hypothetical gravitons replace those photon pairs. But nobody has seen graviton yet. 

A gravitational quantum computer uses time dilation as qubits. In that model, the level or strength of gravitation and time dilation is a qubit's certain state. Those gravitational qubits can be the most revolutionary things that researchers ever created. 

One another model of axion is interesting. The idea is that a particle has something that travels with the speed of light. The axion could have a spin that makes its shell travel with the speed of light. Or it's energy level and the mass could be so high that the energy that visible material sends cannot interact with it. 

That kind of sensor might have two components. In outer space is another atom clock that observes the gravitational waves. And then another atom clock that is moving on Earth. If there is the same anomaly in both atom clocks. That means the reason for that is gravitational waves. But if only another atom clock slows the reason for that could be the dark matter gob. Those dark matter densities cause only local time dilation. 

In the most exciting theories, dark matter is similar material as visible material. But in those dark baryons the regular up and down quarks are replaced by, as an example, top and charm quarks. So in dark matter proton is two top and one charm quark. And the dark neutron would be one top and two charm quarks. But that thing is the hypothesis, that bases the idea that all quarks as well as other elementary particles are one particle. And the energy level determines what the quark's shape is. Or otherways saying: which quarks are in question? 

The WIMP/Axion hypothesis is that the dark matter is forming WIMPs or/and axions. The fact is that if we think of visible material, we must realize that all elementary particles are not forming any kind of stable structures. And in wild models, the hypothetical dark matter axions are like dark matter bosons and WIMPs are like fermions of dark matter. If that is true, dark matter has similar fermions, bosons, and leptons as visible material. But the energy levels of those extremely high energy versions are so high that they are not interacting with other particles. 

https://bigthink.com/hard-science/researchers-attempt-create-dark-matter-axions/

https://scitechdaily.com/miniaturized-atomic-clocks-accelerating-the-search-for-dark-matter-and-beyond/

There is the theory. That dark matter or missing baryons are simply "too hot".

That theory conducted from the photons are extremely high-energy particles. That means photon hover in their shine or high energy quantum field. And because a photon sends radiation all around it, its mass is really hard to measure. And there is an even more interesting model about the material and its form. 

The idea is that. As an example, all bosons are one particle. And the thing that determines is particle gluon or W and Z boson or photon is their energy level. That thing opens new visions for the material. When the energy level of particle increases, it turns smaller and smaller. The reason for that is this. The shine of particles turns brighter and brighter. So when a particle sends radiation or wave movement, it acts like some futuristic spacecraft. That hovers in the wave movement. 

So dark matter is material that has so a high energy level that it cannot interact. Or interaction is one-way. Baryons are not elementary particles. But they behave like elementary particles. If the energy level of the baryon is extremely high and it spins at a very fast speed. That means that the baryon looks like an extremely fast-spinning star. That baryon like all other particles sends radiation around it. 

A long time researchers thought. Baryons, protons, and neutrons consist of three quarks. The structure of a proton is much more complicated than three quarks. There are also things like charm quarks in protons. The energy level of those particles is higher than the proton itself. And that thing means that there is the possibility that charm quark determines is the baryon visible or not. Two up and one-down quarks are mainly forming protons. And two down and one up quarks mainly forming neutrons. 

In a hypothetical "top neutron" the top quark replaces the up quark. And then the form of that thing is the one top quark and two down quarks or any other quarks like bottom quark. 

A hypothetical top proton is a proton where two up quarks and one top quark form a "proton". In the place of "up quarks" could be any other quark. 

So the "cold" dark matter can be: 

In that model, bottom quarks can form similar particles like up and down quarks. The "top or "super neutron" could be two up quarks and one bottom quark. Or "super proton" can consists of two bottoms and one up quark. 

And hot dark matter could be: 

If we continue this chain the bottom quark can make top hadrons. In that case, the more high-energy form of a proton could be two charm quarks and one bottom quark. And the neutron version of that "super proton" could be formed there is one charm and two bottom quarks. 

And the top version could be two charms- and one top quark. The other version would be one top and two charm quarks. In this version is followed the route of interactions. And 99'8% of decays of the top quark happen with the bottom quark. Other possibilities are strange quark and down quark. 

But there are also other quarks than only up and down quarks. Same as in leptons where also other leptons than electrons should form orbitals the other quarks that just up and down quarks should form baryons. But nobody has seen either atom where muons replaced electrons. 

And also there is no baryon there top quark makes that structure with two up quarks. But there is a charm quark in the proton. And that means that also quarks can play a bigger role in the material than we can even imagine. 

That quantum spiral pushes radiation away from those baryons. The same way the quantum tornado on that hadron's poles pulls incoming radiation into one direction. In that model, the extremely fast-spinning hadron can interact with its environment like a black hole. But that interaction is far weaker.

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/missing-baryons-too-hot/ 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charm_quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_quark

Is X-37B some kind of nuclear bomber?

The space shuttle is a modular system. It is always suitable for military and civil missions. 

GLSDB (Ground-Lauch Small Diameter Bomb) type systems can give missiles pinpoint accuracy even in intercontinental range. AI-based optical seekers can make it possible that small-diameter bombs can destroy individual vehicles or other targets in extremely long-range. And the same weapon used in GLSDB can install even in intercontinental boosters like Minuteman or Trident missiles. 

Dream Chaser

X-37B

X-37B is a miniature shuttle. That space system has a cargo room, like larger shuttles. But the size of X-37B and its successors like "Dream Chaser" is far smaller than well-known big shuttles. But that cargo bays make all space shuttles multi-use tools. 

There is the possibility that small telescopes and other kinds of observation systems are put in those small and highly secretive shuttles. There is the possibility that the X-37B type of shuttle can raise remote-controlled biological or nanotechnical research laboratories to a non-gravitational environment. 

And then those laboratories can return to Earth in those cargo bays. The fact is that. X-37B can also carry nuclear weapons in its cargo bay. The space bombers would not necessarily use nuclear weapons.

The miniature shuttles also can serve as space fighters in ASAT missions. But they also can bomb targets on the ground. For those missions, the space bomber requires a bomb with normal bombs with heat shields. 

This type of shuttle can make kamikaze missions against targets, or it can drop those nuclear bombs through the atmosphere. When people talk about things like fractional orbital bombardment systems. They forget one thing. FOBS (Fractional Orbital Bombardment Systems) weapon or orbital bombardment weapon is not always a big one.

 In some visions, the military can put 280 mm. nuclear grenades in small-size satellites and drop them on targets. The U.S. military tested that nuclear grenade in the nuclear test "Upshot-Knothole Grable".  Another thing is that the FOBS systems don't need to use nuclear warheads. The orbital bombardment systems can also drop conventional weapons like smart glide bombs from satellites. 

Those glide bombs or smart weapons are similar to GLSDB (Ground Launched Small Diameter Bombs. But their rocket is much more powerful. That means, GLSDB can just put to the nose of the Minuteman missile. 

Glide bombs,  used in long-range missiles are not necessarily hypersonic. Hypersonic technology is fascinating. But there is the possibility that those glide bombs are like normal spacecraft that have a heat shield and inertia- and smart optical or image homing system. The weapon flies to the target by using inertia. And in terminal sequence, that kind of weapon can turn to use an optical homing system. 

And also things like conventional glide bombs with advanced optical seekers can shoot to target areas by using ballistic missiles. The GLSDB (Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb) can also mount in long-range missiles. There is a possibility that the Israeli "Spice" intelligent stand-off weapons can install also in a long-range missile. The intelligent image-homing. Used in Javelin-missiles can give those glide bombs ultimate accuracy. 

The glide bomb can be a small-size space shuttle that has wings. The thing is that a glide bomb that is launched through ballistic- or orbital trajectories is not necessarily hypersonic. They can be stealth technology using supersonic systems that are conventional weapons. 

At least one massive planet may be lurking in our solar system.

The anomalies in the trajectory of planet Neptune made scientists research the next planet. They found Pluto, but Pluto is too small being the reason for those anomalies in Neptune's trajectory. So there is something really big on the edge of our solar system. And that big is somehow unknown. 

Sometimes there is suggested that some kind of higher dense area in the Kuiper belt causes those anomalies. There is the theory that this object, called planet X. Surface temperature is precisely the same as its environment. That makes this object invisible to infrared cameras. 

There is a possibility that this mystery planet has a 100% reflecting surface. That thing causes forming of a standing light wave that makes the planet invisible. Or maybe the quantum phenomenon in the extremely low-temperature ice makes the atoms act like wheels that pull photons and other particles inside it. 

Uranus and its X-ray flares. (LiveScience.com)

There is a couple of possibilities that the mystery object that causes those anomalies in Neptune's trajectories could be. 

1) Yet unknown large frozen planet. 

2) Small black hole. 

3) Dark matter glimpse. 

4) About Pluto-size object with anomalous strong gravitational field. 

Artist impression of Quaoar rings. Credit: Paris Observatory (ScitechDaly.com) 

Could "planet X" be the dark matter glimpse or gobs of dark matter? Sometimes those invisible gobs formed of dark matter are called dark matter glimpses (or dark matter flashes). There is hope that in dark matter gop is possible to see a glimpse of dark matter's internal interactions. 

When we think about those possibilities, we must realize that. There are many strange things in the universe. Planet X may be the object with the strange gravitational field. JWST telescope discovered the first candidates for "dark stars" or dark matter stars. So the dark matter planet in this text means a smaller dark matter glimpse than the dark star. 

There is a theory that a glimpse of dark matter can connect with the planet through gravitation. That means the dark matter "planet" and the planet formed of visible material can be in the same place. So if that theory is right we would see only visible planets and visible material in that system but we would feel the gravitational field of both of those planets. 

But could dwarf planet Quaoar with its rings, guide researchers to the right track? 

There are a couple of other mysteries in Kuiper's belt. There seen X-ray flares in the Uranus' atmosphere. There is the possibility that those X-ray flares can have a connection with that mysterious gravitational effect called "Planet X". If there is some object with a powerful magnetic field in the Kuiper's belt that magnetic field could accelerate ions and if those ions speed is high enough that can cause the X-ray effect in Uranus' atmosphere.

The second mystery is the dwarf planet Qauaoar and its ring system. That dwarf planet is extremely small and it should not have those rings. But there is a magnetic field that makes the strong magnetic field that captures dust and ice to orbit the dwarf planet Quaoar. 

Quaoar's strong magnetic field can form in its atmosphere or ionized gas that orbits it. The plasma that Quaoar captures around it may act like a generator. That dwarf planet cannot have a melted core. So the plasma that orbits the dwarf planet can act like a generator. 

In some models, the plasma around dwarf planets can form maser-emission. The maser emission from that plasma can be similar to black holes. But it's weaker. But it's possible that. This kind of effect can transform the gravitational field of some small object to extremely strong. We know that electricity can increase the mass of the object. And the plasma that orbits that object loads energy into it. That increases its mass. But the only thing that we really know about this mystery object is that there is an unknown gravitational effect in our solar system. 

https://www.livescience.com/uranus-x-ray-radiation-detected.html

https://scitechdaily.com/space-mystery-unexpected-new-ring-system-discovered-in-our-own-solar-system/

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/hypothetical-planet-x/in-depth/

https://www.space.com/nasa-james-webb-space-telescope-stars-dark-matter

Can light escape from the black hole?

Black holes transform all fundamental forces into one force. In this text, fundamental forces and fundamental interaction mean the same thing. 

The thing is that even light cannot escape from inside the event horizon. But black holes are sending gravitational radiation or gravitational waves. So those gravitational waves are the thing that takes energy out from the black hole. 

There are many complicated models of things like Hawking radiation or radiation that comes directly from a black hole. Some of those models' base is superpositioned and entangled photons that are like antennas that bring energy out from the area inside the event horizon. 

And if that quantum entanglement goes through the event horizon, it transmits energy from the event horizon or just from below it. In some other models, massive gravitation stretches the particle-like spaghetti, and in a very short moment that particle is at both sides of the event horizon. 

The thing that supports the theory that some kind of radiation can escape from black holes is that they lose their mass. If material and energy don't go anywhere. That means black holes would expand forever until the entire universe falls in them. 

Could so-called gravitational diffusion be the thing behind gravitational waves? 

Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.  (Wikipedia/Diffusion)

In the cases of black holes gravitational diffusion is the thing that makes gravitational radiation or gravitational waves travel out from the black hole. The gravitational diffusion around black holes is so strong that it pushes other energy forms away. 

Because gravitational waves form situations where high-dense gravitation supplants some other fundamental force (s). Other energy forms are trying to fill that empty area. In that case, the other fundamental forces transfer particles and energy into that black hole. We can say that gravitation that travels out from the black hole makes that thing very cold.

Gravitational waves or gravitational radiation transports energy out from singularity. The singularity is a homogenous particle there are no electron shells. That means it transfers all wavelengths that impact it into one wavelength reflection. So the black hole connects all fundamental forces into one force and then transforms them into one monotonic wavelength. 

When gravitational diffusion happens. That radiation takes energy out from the singularity and freezes it. In physics cold means the direction where energy travels or the destination of energy. The extremely dense gravitational waves can take wave movement that transfers strong nuclear force with it.

In that model, gravitation replaces at least one fundamental force. But in the wildest visions in black holes, gravitation turned so dominant that it replaces all other fundamental forces away from the singularity. 

Singularity is the result of extreme fusion. When supernova explodes particles are jumping away from each other. When the warp bubble that the supernova forms collapses. Electromagnetic fields that fill this bubble are smashing those particles back into another entirety. 

In that process, all particles, electrons, quarks, and gluons along with hypothetical gravitons smash into one entirety. During that process, the forming singularity bursts electromagnetism and weak and strong nuclear forces away from that structure. The singularity's density is extremely high. And it reflects almost all other wavelengths than gravitational waves away from it. That reflection is not similar to regular reflection. 

Singularity's density is so high that there is no space in it. And it's homogenous. In regular material, energy can go into those empty pockets that are between electrons and quarks. In singularity, there are no those structures. So when radiation hits singularity it reflects away from it. But singularity cannot reflect it in the same way as regular material. The singularity reflects radiation like an elementary particle. It transforms all radiation into one wavelength. All particles reflect radiation in the wavelength. That is the same as their size.

That means singularity reflects as an entirety because there are no internal structures. The singularity transforms the impacting radiation into a wavelength that is the same as its size. And the reflection happens also in all directions. That reflection causes electromagnetic low pressure in all frequencies. And then all fundamental forces are traveling into the black hole. Singularity transforms fundamental force's wavelengths into a form that we know as gravitational waves. 

All fundamental interactions or fundamental forces are the one form of energy. All of those fundamental forces have particles and waveforms. And the difference between those forces is their wavelength. We use only electromagnetism in everyday life. But in nuclear reactions like fission, the energy comes from weak nuclear force. And then electron shells transform that weak nuclear force's energy into electromagnetism. That means particles can change or adjust the wavelength of the energy. 

We can think that a graviton is the smallest particle if it exists. Then that particle sends wave movement to the gluons. Then gluons send wave movement to quarks. And then the quark groups send that wave movement to the electron shells. Whenever wave movement reaches the next size of particle or particle groups it must fill that particle with it. That means the energy level of that bigger particle must rise to the level that it can give energy impulses. 

Then that next particle sends that wave movement forward to the next layer. Each layer sends waves that have the same wavelength as its size. But in the case of the singularity, there are no electron shells around that particle. The singularity is the entirety where all fundamental particles are the same. The other thing is singularity is slight. So it can send radiation only as an entirety. So the wavelength of radiation that singularity can send is the same as the size of the singularity. 

Singularity is like one extremely dense elementary particle.  That means only force that can travel in that particle. The density of the singularity is so high that all other energy except gravitation reflects from its surface. The extreme density of the material makes the situation. That it cannot tie energy inside it. That means the singularity is "cold" in all frequencies of energy. But singularity turns those frequencies into one frequency. 

The material disk around black holes acts like a laser. It pumps energy into it. 

Black holes get their energy from the material disk around them. When material falls in black holes along with radiation that thing turns the material disk into a very high energy level. The material disk acts like a lightning tube of lasers. That material disk pumps energy into the black hole. 

But then we must remember one thing. A black hole requires material and energy so that it can exist. The energy minimum principle, where two spaces attempt the reach the same energy level, also depends on the black hole. 

This is the reason why black holes are vaporizing. And then we must realize one another thing. Sometimes black holes pull all materials from around them. That thing forms the empty bubble that increases the black hole's vaporization speed. And that causes an eruption of gravitational waves.

When we look at material around black holes gravitation is the main force that interacts with material. But black hole magnetic fields also are extremely strong. 

That pulls the material to the black hole's poles. There is a nuclear reaction in those poles. That polar reaction is the thing that forms relativistic jets. Sometimes the high-energy plasma starts to travel between those poles. 

And if that plasma of the polar flow is at a higher energy level than the material in the material disk that forms the electromagnetic vacuum around the event horizon. That thing increases the energy flow out from the black hole. We see that thing as the gravitational burst of the black hole. 

Black holes are not vaporizing at the same speed. If the black hole is in a cosmic bubble like Boötes Void. That means energy travels out from the black hole faster than if the black hole is in the galaxy's center.  When material that falls in a black hole ends that means a black hole vaporizes. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/light-escape-black-hole/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%B6tes_Void

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

Mechanic and radio wave-based qubits are the easiest way to create quantum computers.

The idea of the radio wave-based qubits is simple. In this kind of system. Each radio frequency is one state of the qubit. So the quantum system can communicate over long distances. The quantum system breaks information into bites, and then it shares those information bites into different radio frequencies. If the system needs to share information on the same circuit there is a possibility to send those radio waves through nanotubes. 

The regular-size tubes can also use to protect that information. Those protective tubes can be made by using graphene nanotubes. But also steel is enough if the system doesn't need to fit in a small size. The only needed thing is that the tube keeps the outside effects away from the radio waves. 

The tube's purpose is that they isolate the information that travels in the form of radio waves between the transmitter and receiver. The information will transmit by using radio masers. There is the possibility that the energy level of those radio waves can use as the states of qubits. But the frequencies also are suitable for use as qubits. In those systems, there are protective tubes in the line. 

And each of those tubes is a certain state of the qubit. That system can operate on multiple levels. And in some visions when the system faces some kind of outside disturbing it decreases the number of states of its qubit. 

"A platform for an array of 36 mechanical resonator devices. A nano-resonator is fabricated and connected electrically in one of the sections of this array. The entire pieces is then placed inside the cryostat for the measurements. Credit: ICFO" (ScitechDaily.com/Journey to Quantum Supremacy: First Steps Toward Realizing Mechanical Qubits)

"A platform for an array of 36 mechanical resonator devices. Credit: ICFO" (ScitechDaily.com/ Journey to Quantum Supremacy: First Steps Toward Realizing Mechanical Qubits)

Acoustic qubits are one version of mechanic qubits. 

Acoustic qubits are similar. The base is in the acoustic resonance. The miniaturized systems can send coherent sound waves through the tubes. In those systems, each frequency is a certain state. The idea of an acoustic qubit is that each of the points. That transforms acoustic waves into electric signals and is made of different materials. Also things like how loud that acoustic signal is can use as a state of acoustic qubits. 

When the transmitter sends a signal that makes resonance in the certain receiver, that system can transform those signals into electricity. So each receiver is like the microphone and each transmitter can be like a loudspeaker that causes resonance in certain materials. Acoustic qubits are similar to radio-based qubits. But the thing that transmits information is acoustic waves. 

https://scitechdaily.com/journey-to-quantum-supremacy-first-steps-toward-realizing-mechanical-qubits/?expand_article=1

Dark matter can form similar structures as visible matter.

There is a massive galaxy with no dark matter. That thing tells us that dark matter is not necessary for galaxy formation. The galaxies without dark matter give hints that dark matter can interact with visible matter in some other ways than just by gravitation. Galaxies with no dark matter tell that. Dark matter is not divided homogeneously around the universe. There are glimpses like dark matter stars. 

Researchers search dark matter glimpses by measuring the mass of invisible objects. All gravitational centers are forming material clouds around them. Black holes are visible to us because their material disk's energy level is so high. That means we can see the X-ray and gamma rays. And sometimes telescopes see the material disk around black holes. But if there is no material disk and another mark about the black hole in the glimpse of molecular clouds. That means there is hiding some object. That is invisible but not a black hole. 

"Comparison between a conventional galaxy (ESO 325-G004) enveloped in a halo of dark matter, occupying the heaviest plate on the weight scale, and the galaxy NGC 1277 (on the left), in which the study of the mass distribution reveals the absence of dark matter. Credit: Design: Gabriel Pérez Díaz (IAC). Image of NGC 1277: NASA, ESA, and M. Beasley (IAC). Image of ESO 325-G004: NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA); J. Blakeslee (Washington State University)" (ScitechDaily.com/Cosmic Mystery: A Massive Galaxy Defying Dark Matter Theories)

If there is an object invisible to us. But so light that it cannot be any kind of black hole. That could be a dark matter glimpse. And that thing means that dark matter is more mystic than nobody expected. Or maybe gravitation is forming a rotating disk-shaped structure that just throws dark matter away from the galaxy. Theoretically, dark matter can form similar structures as visible material. Nobody has seen dark matter yet. And that means all things that are written about it is the hypothesis. 

There is a theory that during the Big Bang. The energy turned to material in sequences. And in that model, there is a material that energy level is so much higher than visible material that this material cannot interact with visible material in other ways than through gravitation. There is the possibility that those particles are so small that we see only gravitational interaction of that material. 

Above: 

The image introduces elementary particles and the standard model of physics. The problem is that we don't know all structures that fermions and leptons can make. We know that electrons orbit the atoms or their nucleus. Same way muons and other fermions should orbit the atom's nucleus. But we have no evidence that there are atoms that have electrons replaced by muons. There is more about this topic forward in this text. 

But are hypothetical dark matter particles: 

An axion is a hypothetical elementary particle originally postulated by the Peccei–Quinn theory in 1977 to resolve the strong CP problem in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). If axions exist and have low mass within a specific range, they are of interest as a possible component of cold dark matter. (Wikipedia/Axion). 

The spin and mass of that hypothetical particle is 0. The problem is that an axion cannot have a gravitational effect if its mass is 0. There is the possibility that the spin of the axion is so high that it flows in its quantum field. An extremely fast spin could turn the hypothetical axion into a form that looks like a dumbbell. 

In that model energy level of axions is extremely high. That means the axion cannot interact straight with the material because it sends radiation or wave movement that pushes particles or their quantum fields away. And that means the high-energy axion can travel through visible material. 

WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles)

In that model, WIMP is the thing that forms "hot dark matter". The explanation of why WIMP interacts only through gravitation is a mystery. But there is the possibility that the energy level of WIMP makes it impossible that hypothetical WIMP can interact with visible material than through gravitation. 

If WIMP is extremely high energy particles. That makes them so small. That interaction between them and other particles is extremely weak. The surface area of radiation that WIMP sends is so small that the interaction between WIMP and visible material is impossible or almost impossible to detect. But can WIMP create similar structures as visible material? That is the big question. 

The problem is that we don't know all structures that Fermions can create. 

When we think about the form of material, we must understand one thing. Even in visible materials, all particles cannot create stable forms. Bosons are transportation particles of four fundamental interactions. And they cannot form stable particles like baryonic hadrons. 

Electrons are the most well-known leptons. But they are not only fermions. Things like muons also are leptons. But there is no observation about atoms where muons replaced electrons. There are six types of leptons. And we can put only electrons in its place. And logically all fermion particles should form shells for atoms like electrons. 

Also, fermions are not always form stable structures. Things like muons are not forming stable structures even if they are similar to electrons. So we don't even know all structures that fermions can create.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_CP_problem

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_violation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

The quantum nonlocality and Monte Carlo methodology are the ultimate tools in the quantum system's theoretical manipulation.

The complexity is one problem of quantum systems. The quantum system is the entirety where different types of power fields, along with the particles interact with each other. Even if we see two different electrons or pair of two similar-looking elementary particles those particles might not be identical. 

Their energy levels might be different and that makes a difference between them. So even if we see a simple-looking structure, it can hide a very complex quantum structure. 

Manipulation of the system requires knowledge of the entire system. Quantum technology allows the aiming of energy impulses into individual particles, that form the system. The problem in quantum technology is quantum nonlocality.

We can say that quantum nonlocality means that. We cannot interact with one individual actor in the quantum system. When we send energy impulses to the quantum system. That energy will escalate into the entire system.

 So if we will send energy into the quantum system, that thing always interacts with the entire system. Another problem is: how to adjust the energy that the quantum system impacts into the targeted systems.

We know how to impact energy to the system. But we don't know how to remove energy with the very high accuracy needed in quantum-scale technology. 

In Wikipedia, the explanation of quantum nonlocality goes like this: 

"In theoretical physics, quantum nonlocality refers to the phenomenon by which the measurement statistics of a multipartite quantum system do not admit an interpretation in terms of a local realistic theory. " (Wikipedia/Quantum nonlocality)

"Quantum nonlocality has been experimentally verified under different physical assumptions. Any physical theory that aims at superseding or replacing quantum theory should account for such experiments and therefore cannot fulfill local realism; quantum nonlocality is a property of the universe that is independent of our description of nature." (Wikipedia/Quantum nonlocality)

"Entangled quantum objects can be used to network separated systems. The researchers demonstrate what is needed for nonlocal correlations, a requirement for a useful quantum network. Credit: The Grainger College of Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign/Wesley Moore" (ScitechDaily.com/Decoding Quantum Nonlocality: A New Criterion for Quantum Networks)

Successful quantum manipulation requires high-standard simulations. 

"Visualization of the process to calculate the new state of the spin (shown in red) of a ferromagnetic system with long-range interactions. The near-field region (green) is treated as for short-range interactions, while in the far-field region (yellow) hierarchical data structures (size of the blue boxes) are used that are adapted to the instantaneous system state. Credit: Institute of Theoretical Physics and Leipzig University" (ScitechDaily.com/From Centuries to Days: Breakthrough in Monte Carlo Computer Simulations)

"Monte Carlo method applied to approximating the value of π." (Wikipedia/Monte Carlo method)

The animation shows the cycle of the cases. If we think about theoretical principles. The Monte Carlo simulation is very easy to make. It's the successful cases that divide all cases. (Successful cases/all cases). But in things like neutron diffusion calculations, there are so many cases, that it makes calculations very complicated. And forward this text I will explain, why it's so hard to calculate possibility. That asteroid impacts on Earth. 

"Leipzig University researchers have developed a highly efficient method and algorithm for studying long-range interaction systems. The algorithm dramatically reduces computational time, offering profound insights into nonequilibrium processes. This breakthrough has vast implications for both theoretical research and practical applications." (ScitechDaily.com/From Centuries to Days: Breakthrough in Monte Carlo Computer Simulations)

The breakthrough in the Monte Carlo method

Successful cases/ possible cases are the thing that is used to calculate how many randomly happening cases are involved in entirety. In mathematics, the Monte Carlo method or Monte Carlo simulation is how many successful cases involving in the full count of possible cases. 

One of the simplest examples is when a person throws a ball into holes when there is only one ball for each hole. And then the person calculates how many of those cases are successful. In some of those examples person's eyes are tied. But there are many other versions of how to confess to people about randomness. 

So the calculation goes like this: The number of successful cases will be divided by the number of possible cases. The term "Monte Carlo" method is known to some people from nuclear energy and nuclear fission. In those cases, that term means how many percents of the neutrons that fissile atoms send impact with other atoms. 

The calculated hits of neutrons divide by the number of possible atoms. The Monte Carlo method was invented by Enrico Fermi when he calculated neutron diffusion. The idea is similar to roulette. Each number in the roulette plate has a certain area. And there is a possibility, that we can calculate that the ball hits a certain number. 

Today the University of Leipzig's researchers are making algorithms that can improve the accuracy of the Monte Carlo simulation. That thing helps them to understand interactions between systems better. As you saw before. The principle of the Monte Carlo method is simple. 

Why it's so difficult to calculate asteroids' trajectories? 

If we want to calculate the possibility that some meteorite hits a person we must just calculate the land area that the person uses and divide it by using the Earth's surface area. The problem is how to calculate the possibility that a meteorite hits Earth. 

At that moment, we must realize that also other forces than gravitation. Interact with that meteorite. The gravitational fields can affect the object. But also things like electromagnetic fields interact with iron and magnetic minerals.

The solar wind can also affect the trajectories of meteorites as well as ice on their shells. When the sun's heat affects that ice, the radiation from the sun vaporizes that ice. Forms a reaction effect that can push meteorite out from its track. 

So even if we can calculate values of all quantum fields at the precise point in our solar system, we cannot calculate individual asteroid trajectories. Things like flares are making those quantum fields unstable. To make that thing we must know the entire system. The knowledge of the quantum field's power is not enough. We must know all interactions that can affect the particle. 

https://scitechdaily.com/from-centuries-to-days-breakthrough-in-monte-carlo-computer-simulations/

https://scitechdaily.com/decoding-quantum-nonlocality-a-new-criterion-for-quantum-networks/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality

The interaction between matter and energy is complicated.

Particles are one form of energy.

Massive explosions in the universe create gold and other heavy elements. But they can also help model the Big Bang. Kilonovas, or colliding neutron stars, make shockwaves that turn the gas cloud around them into gold. The high-power shockwaves pull gas with such high density and energy that it forms a fusion reaction around Kilonova. The impact wave just pushes atoms together and forms uranium and other heavy elements.

Kilonovas help to make models about the Big Bang. When we think that two shockwaves travel across space one after the other, the event looks like this: energy travels asymmetrically away from the first shockwave. In that case, the vacuum where there were superstitions or standing quantum fields pulled energy out of the shockwave.

The problem with those two shockwaves is that the first shockwave traveled in a "vacuum". There was more energy that traveled out of it than the energy that traveled in it. The second shockwave traveled through radiation that pumped energy into it. In this model, the second shockwave had more energy, which increased its mass. Then the outer shockwave stopped, and those two shockwaves impacted. Then the superstrings in that bubble started to whirl.

When we think of the Big Bang as an event where all the material and energy that we can see formed, the dark matter and dark energy could form at different times at different energy levels than the visible material. When the Big Bang started, it was probably high energy, and that was the moment when the Schwinger effect started determining the energy level of material. After that, the universe started to turn colder.

In this model. The energy level of each point on the timeline where energy turns into particles, forming matter, determines whether particles can interact with each other. Dark matter interacts with visible matter through gravitational waves. That means dark matter particles or things that send gravitational radiation that we think of as dark matter are so small or otherwise different than visible matter.

The term dark matter means matter's or a particle's ability to interact with other particles. The visibility of the material indicates the ability of the particles to interact with each other. If another particle in that interaction is so small, and another is so big. The radiation impact on the larger particle impacts such a small area that it cannot push the bigger particle. Or it loads so little energy into that bigger particle that we cannot see that reflection.

Particles can change the wavelength of the radiation or wave movement. When a smaller particle sends wave movement to a bigger particle, that energy fills the bigger particle. Then the bigger particle sends energy forward to the system.

Every fundamental interaction has wave and particle forms. Those four fundamental interactions involve strong and weak nuclear forces, electromagnetism, and gravitation. There is a possibility that gravitation is an interaction between gluons and hypothetical gravitons. As well as strong nuclear forces, there is an interaction between gluons and quarks. Electromagnetism is the interaction between an atom's nucleus and electron shells.

Could (Grand Unified Theory)GUT theory go like this? 

So if we think like this, the series of fundamental interactions from the smallest to the largest entireties goes like this:

Graviton>gluon>quark>quark gourps (protons and neutrons)>atom's nucleus (proton and neutron groups)>electron shells

">>" means the direction of energy.

The Grand Unified Theory (GUT) goes like this: When gluon sends radiation to a quark, the quark transforms its wavelength longer. Then the quark groups, or protons and neutrons, transform that wavelength into the wavelength of a weak nuclear force. Then the atom's nucleus sends that radiation in its entirety to the electron shells.

And finally, the atom emits the radiation in its entirety. The gravitational field would be a particle that is between a gluon and a quark. So in that model, gravitation is an interaction between gluons and hypothetical gravitons. That explains why gravitational radiation has such a short wavelength.

There is a model that says superstrings are forming elementary particles. Those superstrings are like small quantum fibers. The superstrings are the things that form wave movement and material. That means elementary particles look like yarn balls. In the case that a very small particle sends wave movement to a bigger particle that looks like a yarn ball of superstrings, radiation can turn those superstrings away from their route. And that superstring, or radiation peak, travels through the particle. But during that process, the radiation transfers little energy to that particle.

That means particles can turn one form of energy into another. Each type of one of the four fundamental forces is energy. The fundamental forces are weak nuclear forces and strong nuclear forces, electromagnetism, and gravitation. And each of those four fundamental forces has different wavelengths. When one type of radiation impacts an elementary particle, it loads energy into it. Then that particle sends its extra energy to its environment. So particles can transform the wavelength of radiation.

The interaction between matter and energy is complicated. We can say that the Big Bang formed all visible matter in the universe. But it's hard to explain how that thing happened. So when we think about the Big Bang and the formation of material, we know that if the Schwinger effect created that event, there must have been two impacting radiation layers.

The Universe was not "empty" even before the Big Bang.

The shape of the visible universe as a ball tells us that there was material or some kind of quantum field before the Big Bang. If we are looking at the material in the ball-shaped structure, we can imagine that material formed when the shockwave that came from the Big Bang impacted the quantum fields. In that very violent reaction, the Schwinger effect formed particle-antiparticle pairs.

There are two possibilities in this model. The shockwave that caused the Schwinger effect that formed material could come from outside the universe. Another version is that the shockwave that came inside the universe reached the outer shockwave, forming virtual particles that turned into real particles.

There are two versions of that model. The first model is that the antimatter-material annihilation is the thing that we call the "Big Bang". And the second model is that the spin of those particles was so high that it separated antimatter from matter. And that makes the antimaterial universe possible. But if the Schwingger effect formed a universe, that means there could be at least one other universe than ours. And that is the antimatter universe.

"Nearby, the stars and galaxies we see look very much like our own. But as we look farther away, we see the Universe as it was in the distant past: less structured, hotter, younger, and less evolved. In many ways, there are edges to how far back we can see in the Universe". (BigThink.com/Our Universe wasn’t empty, even before the Big Bang)

When that high-energy shockwave impacts something else, like superstrings or even another shockwave. That thing formed a dark and visible material. The thing that defined the particle as the visible or dark matter was simple. The energy level of the shockwave decreased, and at the moment when the shockwave had a certain energy level, it interfered with another shockwave whose origin was in the Big Bang. The shockwave's energy level at that moment determined whether the particle was visible or dark matter.

The fact is that this kind of impact can happen because of a shockwave that came inside the first shockwave. When we think that the Big Bang sent at least two shockwaves, those socks expanded like balls. The outer shockwave would act like a vacuum bomb. It sends energy inside it, and then the second shockwave gets more energy from it. The gravitational and quantum mechanical phenomena caused an effect that slowed the outer shockwave. And then the inner shockwave reached that first wave.

Another good explanation is that other universes send shockwaves where the wave that the Big Bang sent impacted. In that case, the material and energy that the Big Bang sent impacted waves that came from other universes. That could prove the multiverse theory.

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/universe-wasnt-empty-before-big-bang/

Scientists detected Einstein's cross: the observation of Einstein's curving space and time.

Einstein cross is the event where the gravitational lens turns the light around the massive gravitational center. Einstein cross is one of the things that can prove the warping of time and space around supermassive objects. The image shows how massive gravitation changes the route of photons. And that thing can cause an interesting phenomenon.

There is a possibility that the massive gravitational center can make the object that is between gravitational objects and the earth invisible. The gravitational lens is quite similar to the magnetic lens that creates the plasma pulse in Earth's magnetic field. If that focus is between Earth and the galaxy, that acts as a gravitational lens that focuses where plasma and photons can cover weaker galaxies under their shine.

So the difference between gravitational lenses and magnetic lenses is that gravitational lenses are more powerful phenomena. All objects in the universe can act as gravitational lenses. But only galaxy-size objects can curve the photons' trajectories in such a way that we can measure them. Also, the earth's gravitational field can act as a gravitational lens. But the focus of that field is so far away from the Earth that nobody can benefit from it.

"Diagram illustrating gravitational lensing. (NASA, ESA & L. Calçada) (Spectacular New Einstein Cross Discovered Warping Space-Time)

"The Einstein cross DESI-253.2534+26.884, as observed using MUSE in May 2023. (Cikota et al., arXiv, 2023) ( (Spectacular New Einstein Cross Discovered Warping Space-Time)

The gravitational lens also bends the trajectories of particles other than photons. So the gravitational lens acts on all known material and wave movements.

The idea is that when light travels through a gravitational lens, it will reach a higher energy level than light outside of that event. A gravitational lens also changes the trajectories of plasma and other particles, like electrons. So if we are looking through the gravitational lens, that thing makes it possible that photons and plasma are forming similar effects as Earth's magnetic field does during so-called plasma pulses. That extremely powerful pulse can hide objects behind it if they are between Earth and the gravitational lens.

When light travels near black holes, it pulls lots of photons inside. But it also curves photons' trajectories. Some of those photons travel to the focus that the gravitational field makes. At that point, photons interact with each other. Also, other particles than just photons travel in that focus. That creates a very high energy point in the universe.

https://www.sciencealert.com/spectacular-new-einstein-cross-discovered-warping-space-time

Black holes cause a virtual redshift because gravitation stretches the wavelength near them.

At the beginning of this text is a film about the redshift of black holes. Gravitation stretches light, and that means gravitation fields are pulling waves longer. That thing is called the gravitational redshift. As you can see from the film, the black hole stretches radiation and distorts the redshift. Gravitational redshift, or virtual redshift, means that a black hole might seem to be at a longer distance than it is. The film shows the redshift of the star that orbits a supermassive black hole. But all other black holes interact the same way. 

The event horizon is always constant. At that point, the black hole's escaping velocity is the same as the speed of light. So every black hole interacts basically in the same way. And it's possible to apply that model to all black holes irrespective of their size. 

Is gravitation the thing that forms dark energy? That thing seems somehow strange. But when photons and other particles are traveling through the ball that forms the visible universe, the gravitation behind those particles pulls them backward. When particles slow their speed, they must release their energy. So is the source of dark energy in particles that are slowing down when they travel across the visible universe. In that model, particles are transforming gravitation into some other type of radiation.

The fact is that visible material forms only a small part of the universe. And that means the universe's real geometrical form remains unknown.

Researchers are trying to measure the universe to find dark matter and prove the theorem about the accelerating expansion of the universe right or wrong. We know that there is too much energy in the universe. And we also know that there is too much material in the universe.

The shape of the universe is like a ball. Or, actually, in some theories, the geometrical shape of the universe is like a spiral galaxy. The visible material is forming a shell where almost all the visible structures of the universe are.

So if there are any structures outside that ball, they are hard to detect. The term "dark matter" means material that cannot interact with visible material. There are galaxies in the universe where is no dark matter. That means dark matter can form similar structures with visible material.

The universe's geometrical shape is mystery. (Image: Quanta magazine)

That means we should say that the visible universe is the entirety where all particles and radiation that can interact straight with the material that forms us exist. 

In some models, the ball shape of the visible universe is the reason why there is dark matter. The energy travels from the shell into the middle of that giant ball, where all the visible material is. And there, that energy reflects from the point, which is precisely in the middle of the visible universe. In some models, just at the place where the Big Bang happened is a giant black hole, the gravitational center of the universe.

The thing that supports this model is the cosmic flow. All galaxies and galaxy groups seem to travel in the same direction. That thing tells us that there might be some kind of gravitational center in the visible universe. And that thing means that the universe is like a giant vacuum bomb.

https://www.quantamagazine.org/what-shape-is-the-universe-closed-or-flat-20191104

https://scitechdaily.com/at-the-universes-edge-scientists-put-einstein-and-euler-to-the-test/?expand_article=1

Google's AI passed Turing's test.

Turing's test called the imitation game, should determine how intelligent the machine is. During that test, the AI must make texts that cannot be distinguished from humans. Google's AI is the thing that broke the myth. The myth is that AI could never reach humans in that test. But now the AI knows that it has come to a crossroads.

The ability to reach a human's level as a text maker gives the AI more than one ability, so we can wait for exciting applications and other things from the AI. There is a possibility. In the images and texts, the person who is outsourcing to AI should equip some kind of certificate. That the AI created texts and images. 

And maybe the AI should keep a database of texts that it makes. Then, if that text is loaded into the high school or university database where it was loaded during the thesis, the AI tells you that it got the job that the student introduced as the thesis. But the fact that the AI can pass Turing's text is remarkable and fascinating at the same time.

The thing that gives AI its ultimate abilities is that those systems are never tired. They can see and observe very large and complex virtual and physical structures. Along with quantum lasers, this kind of system makes it possible to create many new things, like nanotechnology and complex molecules.

Even the most complex AI can use robot bodies to communicate with people. The robots can form a moving neural network-based computer. And robot groups like drone swarms and groups of human-looking robots can act as neural network-based AI. By using distributed computing, computers whose power is lower than that of supercomputers can share their resources with other group members. That means the drone swarm can act like one large supercomputer.

The next-generation cyborg microchips are the tools that can make robots as intelligent as humans. Same way small and compact quantum computers can revolutionize computing and robotics. In visions of tomorrow, miniature quantum computers that are smaller than atoms can be installed in the brain. Those systems will boost the intelligence of humans.

Today's AI consists only of computer programs. Those very complicated data structures are impressive when they connect data from different sources. But those AI programs are far from the future, where living neurons boost fully integrated systems that are learning like humans. Things like cyborg microchips, where living human neurons are connected with semiconductors and quantum systems, are the things that make next-generation integrated AI more effective than it is now.

When we think about the future of AI, we don't even realize what the real capacity of cyborg microchips is. Semiconductors and other kinds of things can preprocess and preload data to those neurons at a speed that is unknown to living creatures. The neuron-hybrid microchips that are connected to quantum computers are the most powerful computing systems that humans can ever imagine.

By manipulating light, researchers can create futuristic quantum computers and stealth systems. But it can make a revolution in energy production.

What would you do with two identical light beams? That thing makes it possible to create the ultimate error correction for quantum computers. Things like photon snakes can use as photonic tape stations that can transport information with new efficiency. Light can push objects, and photon-accelerated electrons can be the next-generation systems for civil and military sectors. Photons can push electrons and protons in the beam lasers. 

If ion cannon shoots two internal particle beams with positive and negative particles the electromagnetic pulling effect keeps that beam in form. Lasers or photon clouds can also input energy to electrons and positrons that travel in the particle accelerators. If the system can create high energy stopped or standing photons, that thing makes fundamental things in the R&D work in quantum and nanoscale systems. 

In quantum networks, the system drives information in the frame where the trapped photon is. Then that frame sends information into that photon. Then the system puts that photon will into superposition and entangled it with other photons. Because the energy level in the framed photon is higher than the receiver information travels in the quantum network. If the quantum network can operate by using two identical information channels. The system can detect errors with very high accuracy. That requires the ability to create two identical light beams. 

One way to manipulate light is to slow down photon speed. Normally, that happens in the medium, but the medium pulls energy from photons. And that makes it hard to use that effect in quantum computers. When a photon loses its energy, that affects the information stored in it.

"Entangled quantum objects can be used to network separated systems. The researchers demonstrate what is needed for nonlocal correlations, a requirement for a useful quantum network. Credit: The Grainger College of Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign/Wesley Moore" (ScitechDaily.com/Decoding Quantum Nonlocality: A New Criterion for Quantum Networks)

But otherwise, slowing photons gives the system more time to read that information. The best possible way to manipulate light and slow the photon is to use gravitation. The problem is how to make the synthetic gravitational effect that pulls a photon behind its source.

This is one reason why antigravity at the quantum level is so interesting. Gravitation affects all particles in the same way. And that thing makes it so-called cold energy. Because the energy level in a photon doesn't change with gravitational slowing, it can protect the photon's internal superpositions. But when we think that light manipulation at the quantum level is the ultimate tool, we can also use that thing without antigravitation.

The ability to create single photons will make fundamental computer solutions possible. The intelligent helmet that involves a quantum computer, in which qubits are smaller than atoms, can be the next-generation version of the portable quantum computer.

The photons can drive information to electrons and other particles. In those versions, the photons can store information in certain areas of the electron's shell. Or the same single photon can load information into quarks inside protons and neutrons. That thing makes it possible to create extremely small quantum computers by using quantum entanglement between quarks. That kind of quantum computer that is smaller than an atom can be installed in intelligent helmets. And it can communicate directly with the brain. That thing would be the most fundamental BCI system that we could ever imagine.

But manipulating light involves much more than just quantum computers. Quantum entanglement makes it possible to create layers that drive photons in one direction. That kind of system makes objects invisible. There is a possibility that by using electrons trapped in graphene If those electrons are stressed with precisely the right type of energy stress, they could create phonons that have the same energy level as impacting photons.

That thing forms a standing light wave between the object and incoming light. If there is a lower energy area behind that standing light wave, that makes it possible for the information to travel only in one direction. This kind of system requires superconductor technology. But new superconductors, along with advanced AI and powerful computing, make those systems real.

Standing light waves can also revolutionize things like photovoltaic cells. The system would trap light above the solar panels. Then the system can drive light into the photovoltaic cell from that standing light wave. But those things are the systems of tomorrow. The fact is that. New types of superconducting technology and other things like ultra-sensitive perovskite-based photovoltaic cells are making these kinds of systems closer than we even imagine.

https://bigthink.com/the-future/discoveries-about-light/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-breakthrough-light-source-produces-two-entangled-light-beams/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality

The Chinese just launched the first methane-powered rocket.

The methane rocket is more environmentally friendly than traditional rocket fuels. Methane is a greenhouse gas that bacteria produce from biowaste. And that thing makes methane a quite cheap fuel for rockets and jet engines. The melting and boiling points of methane are very low, which makes this gas suitable for space operations. If the melting point of gas is too low, it will freeze in space. 

The reason why methane is an interesting fuel is that moons like Titan have methane atmospheres. And also, methane can be produced on the same refinery platforms that clean up environmental waste. Methane itself doesn't involve oxygen. And that allows engineers to use that gas in thermal nuclear rockets as well as hydrogen or some other gases.

The thing is that methane is also suitable for use in new types of chemical lasers. Methane lasers can have a similar radiation impact as carbon monoxide lasers. But their efficacy is lower. The fact is that methane is an inflammable gas. And that thing makes it more difficult to handle than carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide lasers.

But in space, the methane lasers can also operate as well as the carbon dioxide lasers in a vacuum. The methane-powered liquid fuel rockets can operate in both civil and military areas. The lasers can be installed in the rocket stage. And in that case, the high-power carbon dioxide and methane lasers can get their energy from acetylene light.

Those large lasers can operate in long-range communications as well as anti-satellite roles, and they can destroy high-flying objects. When we think about the kilometer-long chemical lasers, those systems are powerful enough to burn houses from the orbiter.

The accuracy of those systems is far higher than that of some other systems. And in some doomsday visions, the high-power orbital lasers can shoot single people from the streets. The system can use quadcopters or high-resolution image reconnaissance satellites to locate the target. Then the laser system can aim at that point.

This is the reason why we should consider the Chinese attempts to build a kilometer-long space station. Those extremely powerful lasers can be installed in that structure. And the laser systems can get their energy from solar panels.

Hydrogen allows us to create faster and more powerful technology than ever before.

  The new solar-hydrogen device can offer one answer for green energy production.

What if rockets and other vehicles used hydrogen and oxygen as fuel? The system would emit water as an emission. But the problem is the poor thrust of the hydrogen-oxygen combination as the fuel of the rocket engine. The answer to that could be water injection in the rocket engine's combustion chamber. If we think of the military world, things like naval jet fighters and helicopters can use hydrogen as fuel. The aircraft carriers can use their nuclear reactors to create hydrogen for their aircraft and helicopters. Along with laser weapons, those systems provide almost unlimited tactical firepower.

The fact is that the electrolysis chamber can be installed in the aircraft or space shuttle itself. The crew will load water into the tank. And then they must connect the electric wire to the aircraft. That thing gives an unlimited operational range for aircraft. The system can benefit all kinds of electric sources. And the only thing needed is to put the plug on the wall.

We are waiting for the hydrogen economy. In the hydrogen economy. Hydrocarbon-based natural gas is replaced by hydrogen. Hydrogen is a zero-emission product that can be used in any power plant that can use methane or some other hydrocarbon-based gas. The problem with hydrogen is that producing it is a very easy process. Electrolysis is a well-known system that can split water into hydrogen and oxygen. But the thing is that electrolysis systems require electricity. There are plans to use solar panels or wind energy to create hydrogen, which will be transported through tubes to power plants.

"Rice University engineers have developed a device that can convert sunlight into hydrogen with unprecedented efficiency. The device, a photoelectrochemical cell, incorporates next-gen halide perovskite semiconductors and electrocatalysts. It stands as a potential platform for chemical reactions using solar energy to convert feedstocks into fuels. (Artist’s concept.)" (ScitechDaily.com/Record-Breaking Solar Hydrogen Device: Turning Sunlight Into Clean Energy)

The new solar cells that use halide perovskite semiconductors are promising tools for making solar cells that can create hydrogen and oxygen. The new perovskite-based systems are the next-generation solar panels that have very good efficiency.

The idea is that the solar cells should be as close as possible to water. When electrolysis separates hydrogen from oxygen, those gases are easy to conduct in their tubes. And that kind of platform can offer green energy and power supplies for things like data centers. In daylight, the solar cell makes hydrogen and offers electricity. At night, the system uses hydrogen and oxygen in fuel cells. Hydrogen and oxygen can also be used in turbines or rockets.

The use of hydrogen and oxygen in rockets is one of the most interesting ways to make zero-emission rockets.

The problem is that the thrust of the hydrogen-oxygen fuel is quite weak. But the specific impulse of the hydrogen-oxygen combination is the best that chemical rockets can make. There are a couple of ways to increase that thrust. The best and simplest way is to inject water into the rocket's combustion chamber. Also, rocket engines can benefit from the steam that comes from the turbine pumps. The turbine pumps use hydrogen peroxide as the steam maker that rotates those high-power pumps.

The system mixes the hydrogen peroxide with water and forms steam that rotates those powerful turbopumps. It would be very easy to drive that steam into the combustion chamber. Another thing is to adjust the burning point. In that model, the system creates a bubble that increases the force that pushes against the front wall of the combustion chamber. That kind of solution makes it possible to create zero-emission space programs.

https://www.bosshunting.com.au/motors/sr-72-blackbird-successor-lockheed-martin/

https://scitechdaily.com/record-breaking-solar-hydrogen-device-turning-sunlight-into-clean-energy/?expand_article=1

Researchers probing the abyss: They hunt for dark photons and try to create dark matter.

Researchers are starting to hunt for hypothetical dark photons. The dark photon, or "anti photon," is the hypothetical pair of photons. If researchers can find that particle, they can probably better understand the nature of the mysterious gravitational effect called dark matter. The problem with dark matter is that nobody sees it. If dark matter exists in the form of a weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP), it should either send radiation or reflect radiation.

But the thing is that if researchers don't know the size of the WIMP particle, they cannot find the frequency and wavelength of the radiation that the WIMP reflects. There is a possibility that the WIMP is not a particle at all. In that model, WIMP is like a bubble in a high-energy field that interacts like a real particle. In that case, the WIMP is the virtual particle that explodes or collapses immediately. The collapse of that bubble or virtual particle makes it possible for the quantum fields around it to fall at those points. And then energy reflects from the middle of that particle. That thing forms whirls that are seen as examples of W and Z bosons.

The dark photon would be a transport particle of dark energy. Sometimes dark energy is called "dark electromagnetism". Some researchers think that dark energy is antigravitation. The model says that gravitation is like light. It has particles and waveforms. Gravitational waves are electromagnetic radiation with such a short wavelength that we cannot see their source.

Researchers are observing fast-growing black holes to find evidence about WIMPs. Dark matter interacts with matter through gravitation. So dark matter should form a black hole and interact with it. The black hole is the common factor between dark and visible materials. So black holes grow when they pull in more material and energy than they release in the form of gravitational waves or gravitational radiation.

"Jets ejected from a rapidly growing supermassive black hole with surrounding outflows. The polarization plane of a radio wave emitted from the vicinity of a black hole rotates as it passes through the surrounding magnetized gas. Credit: NAOJ" (ScitechDaily.com/VERA Telescope Network Reveals Surroundings of Rapidly Growing Black Holes)

Researchers try to find expanding black holes that pull too little material inside them. If a black hole pulls too little visible material, it can replace the energy that it sends in the form of gravitational radiation. The thing that turns the material's mass into a level at which it can replace that energy leak is dark matter. And if researchers could find a "spontaneously" growing black hole that would not seem to pull material inside it, the thing that grows this black hole is dark matter.

But when we think about the WIMPs (or axions) and their relationship with black holes, we must remember one thing. If the WIMP is forming near black holes because of the extremely powerful energy and gravitation, there is a possibility that the WIMP has no space for sending energy outside the black hole. And there is a possibility that WIMP is sending radiation in one direction, which is inside the black hole.

Or maybe WIMP (or axion) is the particle, or "antenna," that brings energy from the fourth dimension. The model is that the black holes are also four-dimensional spaces inside our 3D world. So if there is some kind of bubble forming just at the point of the event horizon, that bubble can form dark energy.

The energy level around them is so high that it can interact with gravitation. The interesting question about black holes is: does the energy ray send gravitational waves? In that case, the energy level or brightness of that radiation peak is so high that it can interact with gravitation. In the same way, an interesting question is: Does the material disk also send gravitational radiation? There should be a possibility that if the light is bright enough, it can interact with gravitational fields or gravitons, the sources of gravitational waves.

https://bigthink.com/hard-science/researchers-attempt-create-dark-matter-axions/

https://scitechdaily.com/probing-the-abyss-fermilabs-dark-srf-experiment-illuminates-the-search-for-dark-photons/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

https://scitechdaily.com/vera-telescope-network-reveals-surroundings-of-rapidly-growing-black-holes/