How to colonize the galaxy by using very slow crafts?

  

How to colonize the galaxy by using very slow crafts? 

There is the possibility that we ever can make things like FTL (Faster-Than-Light) technology. But there is another way to travel between stars. And that technology is called "generation ships". Those crafts would reach about 1-20% of the speed of light. 

And that thing means that travel to the nearest solar systems takes even thousands of years. In that version, generations will change inside the craft. And when the journey ends to Alpha Centauri or Bernard Star the people inside that craft are forgetting the Earth. And they might think of their craft as home. 

Those generation ships require lots of genetic material. For denying the genetic matter degeneration. The degeneration predisposes the organism to hereditary diseases. So the crew must modify the genomes of the next generations. So that the variation of the DNA is high enough. 

That craft could be a giant O'Neill cylinder. And when that cylinder travels in interstellar space the rotation movement that forms the synthetic gravitation field will be at a minimum. In that case, the purpose of synthetic gravitation is just to anchor things like vegetables to surfaces. The crew members would be physically very weak. And when the craft closes its target the rotation speed will increase. 

That makes those persons stronger. And when the colonization begins. The rotation speed must be so high. That artificial gravitation is at the level of the targeted planet. So in that case in the middle of that cylinder must be magnets that are making the core resist the centripetal force of fast rotation movement. 

The Tipler cylinder can travel between stars.

If the sum of the speed of rotating plasma and escaping velocity crosses the speed of light. That should make time move backward. So by thinking that way the time travel to both sides is possible. The idea is that when the speed will reach the speed of light. 

That thing causes the time will stop. And if the gravitation field causes that energy level rises higher than the speed of light. That thing makes the time will start to move backward. 

 In that system, the time dilation will be made by using the rotating plasma layer. When plasma rotates a cylinder with the speed of light. That stops time inside that structure. Tipler cylinder can make time dilate and travel to the future. 

But can Tipler cylinder travel to the past? The theory goes like this. If the speed of plasma whirl is the same as the speed of light in a vacuum the craft must just go near some gravitational center like a planet, star, or black hole. Then the sum of the rotation speed of plasma and the escaping velocity must just cross the speed of light. That thing can turn time travel backward. 

When we are thinking about the very slow spacecraft there is. The possibility that the cylinder-shaped craft would be the so-called "Tipler cylinder". The Tipler time machine must not be fast. The system can make time dilation by rotating the plasma around the cylinder. 

Some researchers have introduced a model of interstellar spacecraft, where the O'Neill cylinder will equip with two layers. And between those layers, the magnetic fields will rotate plasma with the speed of light. The system might look like an induction electric engine. In the place of the rotor is the plasma whirl that rotates between stators. 

When the plasma whirl rotates between those layers at the speed of light that thing causes time dilation. This is one version of the futuristic system that can use to travel between stars.  

 

SETI and research. Can JWST find planets that are orbiting sun-like stars in the habitable zone?

NASA launches the rocket from Australia to search for star conditions that support life. That thing means that the "Proxima message" caused some kind of critical thoughts. The BLC 1 (Breakthrough Listen Candidate 1) could be a manmade radio impulse. But the question is again the same with the Wow! signal why it happened only once? If some kind of weather or some other effect causes those signals. That thing should happen more times than once. 

The thing why many researchers do not believe. That the origin of the BLC-1 or "Proxima signal" is in Proxima Centauri. Is that Proxima Centauri or Alpha Centauri C is a red dwarf. Those stars are very small. And their planets are locked which means another side of those planets in the habitable zone will be extremely hot. But there is also a Sun-like star in the same direction but 3000 light-years away from us. 

Image 2) Venus 

Venus is the "sister planet" of Earth. But greenhouse gases are making the surface the hell where the temperature is over 500 degrees celsius. The lowest temperature on planet Venus is -45 degrees celsius. So there could be a very small area where some organisms can live. 

One of the reasons for the hellish temperature is that the length of the day of planet Venus is about 243 days. And all that time the sun is shining to the dayside of Venus. So Venus is one example of an almost locked planet that orbits a yellow star. (Wikipedia, Venus) 

Image 3) The stellar classification. 

There are two types of habitable worlds in the universe. 

1) The worlds where life can form and advance. Those planets should orbit yellow spectral class G or maybe the brightest orange spectral class K stars. If the star is between 0,7 and 1,04 solar masses. That thing makes it possible that there are good conditions for the born of life. If it orbits in a habitable zone. 

2) The worlds that technically advanced civilizations can colonize. Planets that are orbiting red dwarfs are those planets. The advanced civilizations can dig tunnels under the planet's surface and use the energy that the red dwarf gives. 

The fact is that habitable zone. And the existence of liquid water depends on a couple of things. The distance of the planet is a very important thing. But there must be hydrogen and oxygen or some icy comets must bring water to that planet. So there must be also water. And the planet must have a magnetosphere that denies solar wind from destroying those water molecules. 

Then the chemical composition of the atmosphere must be right. A large mass of greenhouse gasses can turn the planet into hell. This thing happened on Venus. But a large number of greenhouse gases can make it possible that the liquid water can exist farther from the distance of Earth than we ever thought. 

The NASA rocket should assist the JWST telescope to search the planets. That is in the habitable zone of the stars like the Sun. This thing means that there is the possibility that the JWST will find planets that are orbiting red or orange stars in the habitable zone. This time the system will be assisted by multiple smaller satellites and highly advanced artificial intelligence. 

https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-rockets-launch-from-australia-to-seek-star-conditions-that-support-extraterrestrial-life/

https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/all-about-venus/en/

https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/12/31/breakthrough-listen-seti-technosignatures/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLC1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wow!_signal

Image 1) https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-rockets-launch-from-australia-to-seek-star-conditions-that-support-extraterrestrial-life/

Image 2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus

Image 3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification

Teaching physics allows AI to make autonomous discoveries.

The AI is a suitable tool to make astronomical discoveries. All objects in the universe are following the laws of physics. And things like dangerous asteroids can search by using AI-boosted telescopes. The AI is an excellent tool for searching for changes from the images taken during certain periods. The AI can see if some point is moved. And that is the mark of the new asteroid or even planet. The AI can search thousands of objects. 

And that makes it an ultimate tool for astronomers. Searching new planet is not very dramatic. Astronomers are just looking at the points in two images taken in a certain period. And if one of those points is moved there could be the planet or dwarf planet or asteroid. That work is very boring. And it can leave to the AI. 

The AI can search for changes in those points and then check from the database. If there is some asteroid in that trajectory. Then the AI can take an image of that asteroid and compare it with images of known asteroids. That thing makes it possible to compare those images by using face recognition software. And that thing can tell if there is a similar asteroid in the database. The fact is that there could be many dwarf planets and asteroids that have the same trajectory. 

Physics is one thing that can be useful for AI that should make discoveries. Physics and mathematics are things there are strict rules. And that thing is necessary when researchers are making the AI that can make discoveries. Things like Kepler radius are always the same. And the Kepler radius depends on the size of the star. These kinds of things are the tools that AI needs to find new planetary systems. 

The problem with new astronomical tools like JWST-telescopes is that they send very big data mass. And that data mass requires analysis. Finding planetary systems and exoplanets is quite boring work. The system must wait that the planet will travel between Earth and a distant star. And then the research team must search for changes in the star's brightness.  

This kind of method is useful. But it requires intensive measurements and a little bit of luck that the astronomers can notice the changes in the brightness. 

To observe changes in the star's brightness. The telescope must keep aimed at that star all the time when the planet makes its overpass. This is why the most exoplanet systems are orbiting red dwarfs. The orbit time of those planets is only a couple of days. And all the time when the telescope is aimed at a certain star. It is reserved. And out of other work. 

Red dwarfs are so small that planets are causing wobbling in their trajectory. And that's a good hint for astronomers. But if we want to search for habitable planets we must realize that those planets are orbiting very far away from very massive yellow stars that are giants to red dwarfs. Even our entire solar system doesn't have a big effect on the trajectory of the sun. 

Planets of red dwarfs are cold or they are locked. But if we want to search for planets that are orbiting yellow stars like our sun in its habitable zone we are facing one problem. The planet's overpass takes longer. And there is the possibility that the trajectory of that planet is askew that planet will not cross the plate of the star. 

That kind of planet requires more intensive work. AI is a very suitable tool to hunt planets. It can measure the changes in the brightness and changes in the dust disk around stars. Those deifications are suitable to find exoplanets from around young stars. 

The problem with hypothetical technical civilizations is that they are living on very mature planets. Mature planetary systems are cleaned from dust and ice. And that means finding those really interesting planets requires something else than searching for densification from the dust and ice. 

https://scitechdaily.com/teaching-physics-to-ai-can-allow-it-to-make-new-discoveries-all-on-its-own/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planet

How a particle can store information in multiple states same time?

What quantum superposition means? Or how a particle can store information in multiple states same time? The answer is in the form of a quantum field around the particle. 

The image of the whisk can portray what the quantum field of subatomic particles might look like. The redshift supports that model. If the particle moves in space behind it the wavelength of radiation gets longer. And the spectrum travels to red. If the particle is a little bit stretched that thing explains redshift. 

If the quantum field is forming of the quantum wires or quantum lightning. When those wires are at the N/S position they can allow the wave motion can tunnel itself through that quantum field. This is one explanation why dark energy will not affect the material. if the radiation pushes those quantum wires away from their route. That thing allows that the wave motion will not transfer energy to the material. 

The term quantum superposition means that particles like photons or electrons are in two positions or two spaces at the same time. In quantum computers, this means that objects are storing information on multiple levels. And that thing is possible if the quantum field that surrounds the particle looks like a whisk. 

In that model, the quantum fields forming the quantum field are like strings or quantum lightning that are orbiting the particle. Each of those stings or quantum lightning can have a different energy level. And every single quantum wire can store information independently. So reading information from every wire requires very high accuracy. This is why the quantum computer must be in a very stable space. 

When researchers are making superpositions. They are just trying to superposition those wires or quantum flashes of lightning separately. The high accuracy makes it possible to make more quantum states for quantum computers. And that increases the power of those systems.

Quantum mechanics allows every single wire can remove from the particle and drive to long distances that allows message can travel between atoms. And that thing opens interesting visions. This kind of information is very hard to detect. And because it's packed in that string. The system detects immediately if somebody stole the information. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift

Five revolutionary cosmic ideas turned out to be wrong.

In the beginning, I must say that proving some of those claims right or wrong is a hard thing. The things where the universe began are limited to the Big Bang. And what happened before the Big Bang is purely hypothetical. 

Where does the material come from, and what is dark matter? Dark matter is dominating part of the material in the universe. And this is why we should say that visible material is a very unusual thing in the universe. The most dominating thing is dark energy. That rips the universe into pieces. The main question is why energy that has no interaction can destroy the universe? 

Could there be the "sub-quarks" inside quarks? If that thing is true, the quarks would be mini-versions of protons and neutrons. But that thing is a pure hypothesis. 

If energy interacts, it must raise the particle's energy level. Or change its position. So how wave motion that has no interaction can rip the universe into pieces? That thing requires interaction. And that means there could be some, still unknown particle. That particle X should interact with dark energy. And that is the thing that moves particles away from each other.

So could there be some kind of sub-quarks in the quarks? Could quark be a similar particle with protons and neutrons? But the size of those sub-particles would be smaller. And could the gluons be the electrons of those hypothetical non-elementary quarks? 

The next things are at least statistically wrong, but there is the possibility that we can ever confirm those things. And honestly, in some of those cases, there are not even models that can explain those things. 

1) Steady-state of the universe 

The cosmic inflation along with cosmic expansion show that theories of a stable universe are wrong. This thing is clear. Only alternation in the universe is stable. 

2) Our universe will someday collapse. 

The fact is that we don't know the geometrical form of the universe. And we don't know the ultimate fate of the universe. But the probability that expansion continues forever is 2/3. Only the ball-shaped universe can collapse. 

The thing is that dark matter can form a ball outside the universe. But then the fact is that we cannot at least easily measure the real form of the universe. The reason for that is that we are in the universe. 

3) The hot Big Bang began from a singularity. 

The fact is that nobody knows where the materials that form the universe came from. One of the theories is that there was some kind of black hole. That black hole could be one of the explanations for the beginning of the universe. 

But the fact is that time before the Big Bang is a mystery. The ball-shaped structure that we can see is only a little part of the universe. And the singularity will just transfer the final question: where does the universe come from? The existence of the singularity requires that there was some kind of black hole. 

4) The speed of gravitation is infinity fast. 

Nothing can travel infinite fast. There are always limits on the speed. The fact is that all particles and wave motion can travel at the same speed. But that thing is possible only in black holes. And if theoretical wormholes are existing all particles can travel in that channel. Also, WARP-bubbles are making it possible that all the particles can travel at the same speed as photons. 

The wormhole is the channel-form electromagnetic vacuum or WARP channel that connects two points in the universe. The energy that can make this channel where is no electromagnetic fields is huge. 

And there is the possibility that the WARP channels or wormholes are the channels that are surrounded by electromagnetic radiation. That high-power wave motion that is like tape around the wormhole denies that the outer-size wave motion cannot affect to particles that travel in it. 

In that channel, all particles and wave motion are traveling at the same speed. But nothing can travel with infinite speed. 

5) Dark matter is "normal matter" that is invisible. 

Sometimes is introduced that dark matter is "simply" the energy state of matter. When the energy quantum impacts some particle, that particle takes that energy load to its quantum field. When energy stress ends. The material will release that extra energy in the form of wave motion. That wave motion continues until the material and its environment reach the same energy level. 

The idea of this theory is simple. The matter wobbles between dark and visible states. But that theory has never been very popular. In most of the theories, dark matter is the stable form of matter. But the thing is that the form of the dark matter remains a mystery until it's captured. 

Dark matter is more than just normal material that is invisible. The dark matter doesn't react. So is dark matter normal matter at all? Dark matter consists of about 85% of the universe. And if we think that the majority of the material is dark matter because only 15% of the material is visible or causes a detectable reaction. That thing has caused theories that dark matter can be free gluons. 

Or it can be the source of dark energy. In some other theories, the black holes are claimed to the dark matter. The idea could be that dark matter is just black holes that are too massive.  But those things are only theories. Dark matter is the gravitational effect. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/cosmic-ideas-wrong/

Chinese scientists created a brain scale model by using 174 trillion parameters.

This type of artificial intelligence is one of the biggest steps in computing. And that thing can have a bigger effect than people ever think. We always believed that computers cannot fully emulate human brains, because we have over 100 billion neurons. And each neuron has about 3 connections. Brins have 300 billion neuron states. In real life, neurons have much more connections than just 3. One neuron can have even hundreds of connections. And the number one is only for the calculative reasons. 

The neuron connections play a big role when neurons interconnect their information. Each neuron in our body can model to parameters. And that means the artificial brains can be real sooner than we ever think.

The very large, size of networking and many connections are making it possible. That neurons can interconnect with each other. So they can reconnect their information in multiple ways. And that means the person has much more neural space than the number of neurons. The ability to interconnect information creates virtual neurons in the human brain. That means the brain can have more than 300 billion neural states. The neuron has so many states as it has connections. 

That information contains the skills that we all have. Sometimes there is told that human brains have 300 billion neurons. That's the number of neurons in the entire human nervous system. The reason why I use the number 300 billion is that the role of the neurons in human life is also very big. 

Things like the spinal cord also play a big role in reflexes. We can learn any kind of movement series and store that thing in our spinal cord. That thing happens when the person just repeats the movements many times. The movement series can be the karate kick. Or it can be the movement series that is used for clock making. 

And another thing is that we know that in the thinking process also neurons. Outside human brains interact with brains. And their role in abstract thinking is a mystery. But we know that things like being hungry can suspend when a person feels that something that is happening is more important than eating. That thing is what we see when we are looking at people who have a great passion for their work. Sometimes people like painters are forgetting to eat and drink. And they fall to the ground. 

That thing tells us that there is the possibility that this thing tells that also other parts of the nervous system are playing a bigger role in thinking and creation than we ever expected. The reason why those people forget to eat and drink can be the reason that those neurons that normally handle things like hunger and thirst are doing some other actions. 

The AI of tomorrow can have imagination. 

-Real observation is the same as observing the real and concrete information. 

-Imagination is handling virtual information. 

-Productive thinking is connecting virtual information with real information. 

The imagination can describe as an ability to interconnect databases that involve virtual information. Productive thinking means the ability to connect real data with virtual data. The ability to interconnect the memories from the neurons is making the virtual creatures in the human brain. 

So we can think that imagination is a distortion of the information that is stored in human brains. When we are thinking about the bird, we must understand that different neurons are handling certain parts of the image of the bird. That means the neuron that is handling the image of the body can connect the image of the box to that image. And that means the brains have an image of the bird. 

That has the box in the place of the head. That thing happens by connecting two images. If that thing seems interesting or important brains can reserve a new memory block for that virtual image which is called the product of the information. 

But let's go back to the algorithms. 

The human nervous system doesn't use all neurons at the same time for one purpose. Some neurons are reserved for replacing the destroyed neurons. But the problem with brain damage is that memory marks that are stored in those cells are gone forever. 

When our brains are working with some problems the other part of the nervous system is handling other things. That means we can make an algorithm that can learn some special things faster than humans. By using AI and quantum computers is possible to create an AI program that has 300 billion data handling units. And maybe the AI of tomorrow can have an imagination. 

The imagination can describe as connecting virtual information to one entirety. So in fact, we can make a computer or program that has imagination simply by using the databases that involve virtual information. This is one version to make a machine that has imagination. AI imagines that it can connect real and virtual data.  

https://interestingengineering.com/supercomputer-brain-scale-174-trillion-parameters

Dark energy and gravitational waves can have a similar origin.

Could the origin of dark energy and gravitational waves be similar? The gravitational waves are energy that two particles that orbit each other send. So the origin of dark energy can be in the gluons and quarks. That is orbiting some kind of center in the protons and neutrons. 

That center could be the tensor tunnel called the mysterious graviton. And those gluons and quarks that orbit this hypothetical tensor tunnel can be a source of dark energy. But the question is what particle sends that mysterious wave motion that rips the universe into pieces. Is it quark, gluon, or some, yet unknown particle? 

Dark energy is an invisible wave motion that doesn't interact with the material. That mystery force rips the universe into pieces but it doesn't interact in other ways. So dark energy doesn't transfer energy to the material and that makes it a mystery. How does dark energy work, and what is its essence? The essence of dark energy could be similar to gamma- or X-ray. But in this time the dark energy tunnels itself through the protons and neutrons. 

There is a possibility that this mystery energy or wave motion tunnels itself through the quarks and gluons. So could the origin of dark energy be in free gluons? Gluons are the particles that are connecting quarks in the entireties called protons and neutrons. The strong force or strong interaction is the interaction between gluon and quark.

Gluons are mediators of strong interaction. But dark energy has caused a question: is there a particle between gluon and quark? If particle X exists, it could be the source of dark energy. 

The thing is that the origin of all wave motion is the particle. The wavelength of the wave motion is always the same. As the size of the particle that sends the wave motion. The wavelength of the radiation uncovers its sender. 

So if dark energy has so short a wavelength that it can tunnel itself through the quarks and even gluon it must have a very small source. The reason why gamma-ray has so high energy level is that very small particle sends it. Particles send radiation when the energy stress ends. And particle attempts to get energy stability which means it attempts to reach the same energy level as its environment. So radiation or wave motion is the energy pulse that a particle sends. 

The small-size particles must send energy pulses more often than large-size particles that we can detect those pulses. And the energy level of those pulses must be very high so that they can interact with other particles. Or, otherways saying cause visible interaction to other particles that are far larger than the sender particle of short wave radiation. 

The interaction is that the impacting wave motion increases the energy level of the particle. And if the size of the sender particle is far smaller than the receiving particle. The increase in the energy level is hard to detect. 

Are superstrings in the form of the power lines of the magnetic fields of planets? That requires that particles have north and south poles. But what can make this N/S structure? 

Are quarks and gluons in orbit at the center of the protons and neutrons? When those particles are rotating something in the middle of a proton or neutron they send wave motion. So, could that wave motion be the dark energy? Or some form of dark energy. 

If graviton is tensor the protons and neutrons are the quark groups that are orbiting the stick-looking structure. If graviton is a tunnel-looking structure. In that tensor tunnel, one side is at a lower energy level than the other it pulls energy to it. 

That energy pulls the quarks and gluons around it. And if those particles are moving they would conduct energy outside that structure. And the origin of the dark energy could be in the gluons and quarks. That orbit the center of the protons or neutrons. 

So how the wave motion can tunnel itself through the quarks or protons and neutrons? The thing is that the particle that we see is a quantum field. Or rather saying it could be the series of the parallel quantum flashes of lightning or superstrings. If superstrings (quantum wires) are in the form of parallel wires the wave motion can move them sideways away from their road. 

But that thing requires that there is some kind of thing that connects those lightning in the form that they are orbiting the center of the particles in the N/S direction. That thing requires that particles must have north and south poles. And those superstrings are acting as power lines of planets. 

See also:

Dark energy

Fundamental forces

Gluons

Quarks

The standard model of physics

The gravitational-wave jammer can make real antigravitation possible.

If researchers can someday make synthetic gravitational waves in the laboratory, that thing can be the most fundamental research result in history. The ability to make synthetic gravitational waves makes the possibility to jam gravitational waves. That system can make real antigravitation possible. 

Gravitational waves can jam similar way to all other wave motions: and that method is the counter gravitational waves. The counter-gravitational waves erase incoming gravitational waves just like radio-jammer erases incoming radio waves. 

Gravitational waves are wave motion. Like all other wave motions. And gravitational waves act like all other wave-motion frequencies. If another gravitational wave will impact an incoming gravitational wave with the same power. The gravitation counter waves erase each other. The idea is the same with electromagnetic- or normal wave motion. 

The synthetic gravitational waves can make by using two neutrons (or some other particle pair like positronium). That is an extremely high energy level. Those particles will put to orbit each other at a powerful energy level. Then those particles send gravitational waves which you can see from the demonstration above this text. 

When a counterwave hits an incoming wave with the same power. Those waves destroy each other. This is the idea of the counter-wave stealth. That system sends the counter waves against radar, and every time wave motion faces incoming wave motion. It transfers energy to that wave. 

So every impacting wave pulls energy away from the incoming wave. And there is a lower energy level left that hits the target. And that thing denies reflection because the incoming wave loses its energy whenever travels through the counterwave. 

Counterwave erases the incoming wave because it pulls energy out of it. Same way when gravitation waves impact the weaker of those waves pulls energy away from a stronger gravitational wave. 

https://scitechdaily.com/continuous-gravitational-waves-in-the-lab/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronium

Image:) https://scitechdaily.com/continuous-gravitational-waves-in-the-lab/

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The fastest-growing black hole in the universe is a mystery. 

The black hole that eats material weighing one Earth per second is a real monster. That black hole's location is very far away from the Sun. And it has powered ultra-bright quasar for 9 billion years. The brightness of that black hole is 7000 times brighter than all stars in Milky Way. 

The black hole grows because there is no way to take the material away from it. The thing is that the brightness of the black hole J1144–4308 is the reason for the growth of the event horizon. When a black hole grows. Its event horizon will travel through its material disk. The event horizon is the point where escaping velocity will reach the speed of light. When the event horizon grows it is going through the particle. 

And the energy level of that particle rises to an extremely high level. There is the possibility, that at that moment the particle takes superposition and entanglement with some other particle. And that energy that travels between those particles forms a small size white hole.

So if we think that the hypothetical wormhole is the thing, that denies the expansion of the black hole. The reason why black holes are expanding is that they would not have that energy channel. The universe is full of black holes. And some of them are expanding. And some of them are not. 

And if the J1144–4308 is extremely bright. There is the possibility that its environment is at too high an energy level and that thing denies that the wormhole can connect to it. So there is a possibility that the miniature white holes around that black hole push wormholes away from it. The only possible route away from the black hole is from the hypothetical wormhole. 

So if a black hole sends radiation that has too high an energy level. That means that even gravitational waves cannot touch that object. Gravitational waves are one version of wave motion. And if the object sends counter gravitational waves. 

Those gravitational waves are acting like radio waves or any other wave motion. The counter gravitational waves can erase the incoming gravitational waves. As radar jammers do. Or the dominating source of the gravitational waves can turn other gravitational waves away from the object. 

https://www.space.com/fastest-growing-black-hole-powering-quasar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J1144%E2%80%934308

Researchers found the exotic state of matter "tetraneutron".

"Scientists have announced the experimental discovery of a tetraneutron, a new and exotic state of matter that could also have properties that are useful in existing or emerging technologies." (SciTechDaily/Experimental Discovery of a Tetraneutron – An Exotic State of Matter)

Tetraneutron is a state of matter that has four neutrons in its structure. That state of matter has finally been confirmed in the laboratory. And the confirmation of the existence of tetraneutron can be more fundamental than we ever expected. It can use to move single neutrons in structures. And it can open the road to new quantum materials.

Quantum materials are similar to nanomaterials. But things like neutrons are forming those structures. Neutrons are promising things for that kind of material.  Quantum materials are similar to nanomaterials. But things like neutrons are forming those structures. Neutrons are promising things for that kind of material. They are bipolar particles that make it possible to connect them by benefiting their poles. 

This thing allows us to make the things like neutron fullerene. In neutron, fullerene neutrons form a similar structure that carbon is forming in fullerene. And theoretically, neutrons can form similar nanotube structures with carbon. That thing allows for the creation of quantum-size machines. Which are even more impressive than nanomachines.

Tetraneutron can open the road to new fundamental materials. Neutrons are bipolar particles. That means there is the possibility to connect them from their poles. If the layer is covered by using a neutron layer. That thing makes it extremely hard. Theoretically is possible to create similar structures that carbon makes in diamonds by using the neutrons. The neutron diamonds are only one thing, that the neutrons can make. If the neutrons can connect freely. That thing makes it possible to create new fundamental quantum materials. 

The neutron stars are the hardest objects in the universe. They are formed of pure neutrons. Neutron stars are given inspiration for one of the hardest possible materials in the universe. There is theoretically possible to cover layers by using one or two neutron layers. And that thing would make the "neutron painting" that is the hardest in the world. Nothing can come through that neutron layer. 

The quantum materials are actually like nanomaterials. But in those materials, the atoms are replaced by using subatomic particles like neutrons and quarks. If we are thinking about the neutron fullerene and neutron nanotubes those structures can make it possible to create unbreakable materials. 

The tetraneutrons can be used in the scanning tunneling microscopes as the scanner antenna. The problem with the regular scanning tunneling microscopes is that they see only layers of the object. They cannot see inside the 3D atomic structure. The scanning tunneling microscopes that are sending neutron radiation can see inside the 3D structures. 

The tetraneutron makes it possible to create new quantum materials and new quantum observation tools. One of those systems is the scanning tunneling microscope that uses a tetraneutron as a stylus. That thing makes it possible to make the scanning tunneling microscope. That makes it possible to hover neutron between the layer and the stylus. That system makes it possible to create a quantum billiard stick that moves single neutrons in space. 

The tetraneutron can use to create very accurate neutron radiation. That neutron radiation can make it possible to move single neutrons in space. And that ability makes it possible to create things like neutron diamonds and neutron fullerene along with neutron nanotubes. 

If the scanning tunneling microscope uses neutrons as the scanner element that opens the road to observe the nucleus of the atoms. But tetraneutrons can open the road to even more fascinating systems. And one of those systems is the neutron maser. The neutron maser forms coherent neutron radiation. That system can use to destroy the single atoms from molecules. Or very accurate X- or gamma-ray microscopes. 

Neutrons can connect to chains. And if the electromagnetic radiation will impact those neutrons they can aim it. When electromagnetic radiation stresses neutron it stores that extra energy in its quantum field. When energy stress ends neutron release that extra energy as neutron radiation. This thing makes the neutron bomb so effective. The tetraneutrons can use the same way to send the neutron radiation. That thing makes it possible to create the most accurate X- or gamma-ray systems in the world.

https://scitechdaily.com/experimental-discovery-of-a-tetraneutron-an-exotic-state-of-matter/

The new quantum sensors can detect all electromagnetic frequencies.

"MIT researchers have developed a method to enable quantum sensors to detect any arbitrary frequency, with no loss of their ability to measure nanometer-scale features. Quantum sensors detect the most minute variations in magnetic or electrical fields, but until now they have only been capable of detecting a few specific frequencies, limiting their usefulness". Credit: Guoqing Wang (Phys.org/Quantum sensor can detect electromagnetic signals of any frequency)

The key element in the input-output methods of the computer systems are sensors that can detect the signals that are traveling in the system. Without that part the system is useless. And the reason for that is the system cannot read data that travels in it. 

The quantum sensors that are like standing ion or photon fog can detect all electromagnetic frequencies at the same time. The idea is that when the ion or photon cloud hovers at the frame the electromagnetic radiation that travels through that cloud will affect the brightness of those particles. And the system observes the brightness of those quantum particles. 

That kind of quantum sensor can revolutionize communication and electronic intelligence. That thing makes it possible to follow jumping frequencies. The problem is how to separate certain signals? The GSM technology cuts the signal into pieces and in every piece is the code or IQ carrier that routes the data bites to the right devices. 

The power of GSM technology is that the system can send multiple messages at the same frequency. And the bites of that data will transfer to the right devices by using the carrier IQ. So the reconnaissance system can use computers to sort and connect the data bites to entireties. And then the system can simply use brute force to break the code of the messages. 

The quantum sensors can also use multiple particle clouds that are forming of photons, electrons, and protons. The idea of that system is that the communication system can change the group of particles that are used as oscillating components in oscillating circuits. 

That system allows transforming wave motion to qubit quite easily. The idea is that protons are resonating with other protons. And the electrons are causing resonance with other electrons. That kind of system makes it possible that some kind of qubits can send in long distances. Or that kind of system is making communication faster. 

https://phys.org/news/2022-06-quantum-sensor-electromagnetic-frequency.html

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

Could the information be the fifth state of material? And could the mirror-version of the dark matter be true?

 

Could the information be the fifth state of material? 

Photons and information are interesting things. Photons have no mass themselves, but they can raise the mass of other particles. There is no knowledge of the antiphotons. And that thing causes interesting theories. Why photons can transport information and energy without mass?

The question is: how photon makes that thing? If the photon has no mass things like lasers should not work. Or photons should tunnel through things like walls. And the laser should not make holes in walls. So the logical thing is that there is something that surrounds the photon. 

That thing could be the superstring that surrounds the photon. Like some kind of hoop. That thing means that the superstring is information and information could be the new state of the material. 

Is the photon itself some kind of virtual particle. Some could photons be some kind of quantum smoke- or energy ring. 

That energy could form around some kind of energy channel. The idea is that when some particle is dropping to that tensor channel it oscillates. And that thing sends electromagnetic waves around the universe. 

 So, could the hypothetical graviton be the channel that sends the photon or wave motion through the universe? The idea is that the graviton is some kind of tensor channel. That connects the third and fourth dimensions. The thing is that if we could measure the wavelength of the gravitational waves that tell about the size of the particles that are sending that wave motion. But also things like hypothetical tensor channels can form those energy waves. 

And could the mirror-version of the dark matter be true? 

Could dark matter have the mirror particles as visible material has? That is a good question. And there is the possibility that if that thing is true, the dark energy could be the result of annihilation between dark- and anti-dark matter. In this text, anti-dark matter means the mirror-version of dark matter. 

The idea is that the hot dark matter could be the anti-version to cold dark matter. If that thing is true this thing solves the problem of dark energy. If two particles that normally do not interact with the material cannot interact with visible material otherways than by gravitation annihilating we would not see that radiation. 

The mystery of dark energy is an interesting thing. The source of that mysterious wave motion could help to solve many cosmic mysteries. And in the wildest theories. The dark energy is forming when the "anti-dark matter" is interacting with "regular dark matter". The power of the annihilation reaction is extreme. 

When the anti-particle is closing its mirror particle there is a forming bridge between those particles. And then that electromagnetic interaction pulls those particles through their quantum fields and that thing will release superstrings from the material and its mirror-particle. 

Sometimes there is a question could spontaneous annihilation be possible? In that case, the particle will go out from its quantum field. And that thing can cause the energy will start to travel out from that particle very fast. That thing affects the same way as the impact of mirror particles. 

There is a hypothetical possibility that some electromagnetic waves are kicking the nucleus of the atom out from its quantum field. 

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

A couple of thoughts about sterile neutrino

     

Sterile neutrino could be an even more fundamental particle than the Higgs boson. If that particle is existing. The sterile neutrino or grey neutrino could involve information about the Big Bang. And the only known interaction between hypothetical sterile neutrino and other particles is gravitation. 

One of the reasons for that kind of thing can be that sterile neutrinos might be virtual particles. It might be the neutrino version of the electron-hole. The sterile neutrino would be the quantum field that forms in collimations of the different particles. 

So there is the possibility that those sterile neutrinos would be part of the dark matter. But confirmation of that thing requires the existence of the sterile neutrino. And nobody has yet seen any of those particles. 

But sterile neutrinos would be very weird. And the question is, why those hypothetical particles are not interacting? The description of the dark matter matches with sterile neutrino. And the only problem is how to confirm the existence of that hypothetical particle. 

In some theories, the reason for weak interaction between sterile neutrino and other particles is the tunneling effect. The sterile neutrino would tunnel itself through the material. 'also because of that quantum tunneling. The speed of those sterile neutrinos could be near the speed of light. And that thing causes the tunneling through individual atoms. When some neutrino travels through an atom it will not have time to transfer energy to it. 

There is one possible reason why sterile neutrino has no electromagnetic interaction between it and normal particles could be that those sterile neutrinos would be so fast that it has no time to interact with particles or quantum fields. That means the sterile neutrino will travel through the atoms and other material without ripping the atom into pieces. 

If the particle is fast enough it can simply push the subatomic particles away from its route. And then those particles will just drop back to their point. In that theory, the speed of sterile neutrino causes the particles will just jump away from their route. And when the energy level returns to normal, they drop back to their original position. 

https://www.livescience.com/58673-sterile-neutrino-justification-vanishes.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterile_neutrino

Image: https://scitechdaily.com/science-made-simple-what-are-sterile-neutrinos/

New photonic materials are the tools for making sugar-cube size quantum processors.

The new photonic materials are making advances in computing. And they can help to create small-size quantum computers that make it possible to create man-size independently operating robots. 

The image above this text portrays a photonic crystal, or sharper saying new photonic material. The idea is that the photon hovers in a cube where it is trapped. These kinds of materials can make a very small photonic binary or quantum microprocessor possible. In that type of photonic processor, the quantum entanglement can create between photons that are hovering in different chambers. 

The information can transfer to those hovering photons by using atomic laser rays or sharper saying, shooting them with photons that transfer information to those photons. The structure of the futuristic quantum processor can be like a sugar cube. There could be millions of chambers where the photons are hovering. 

The system can store information in those hovering photons in the form of qubits. The bottleneck in all quantum computers is that the data must turn from binary to the quantum state. And then the system must turn the qubit into the binary form so that it can control things like servo-engines. 

The small-size quantum microprocessors can revolutionize robotics. The quantum computer requires extremely stable conditions. Nanotechnology can make it possible to create a cooling system that is small enough that it can fit in human-size robots. The main problem with the development of man-size independently operating robots is that they need very powerful computers. 

Powerful microchips are always creating heat. And the problem with regular small-size microprocessors is that finally, the temperature will cut the wires of that system. In regular computers oscillation of the wires is the thing that destroys data. Or in nanotechnical processors, even small overheating can cause physical damage to the processor structure. 

The photonic processors are not overheating so easily. The temperature in those processors is naturally lower than in electric microprocessors. And photonic microprocessors are the thing that is better at working in superconducting conditions. In electric processors, the electricity jumps over the switches very easily. 

The quantum computer that operates in the robot must be put in the bottle. Where that system is in liquid hydrogen that protects it against radiation. In some visions, regular thermos bottles along with small-size thermal pumps can protect the quantum system. 

This type of system can be the next-generation tool for high-power computing. Still, the problems with quantum processors are that they need regular microprocessors for inputting and outputting data in and out of that system. 

https://scitechdaily.com/new-photonic-materials-could-enable-ultra-fast-light-based-computing/

Time crystals and miniaturization of computing.

The central part of the experiment in which the coherent matter waves are created. Fresh atoms (blue) fall in and make their way to the Bose-Einstein Condensate in the center. In reality, the atoms are not visible to the naked eye. Credit: Scixel. (Phys.org/Physicists build an atom laser that can stay on forever)

The laser rays can use to create a room-temperature operating quantum computer. 

When we are talking about the quantum computers that can operate at room temperature we can use simple two laser rays. The laser ray number one will transmit the qubit layers or sates zero and one (0 and 1). And the second laser is transmitting states or layers two and three (2 and 3). 

Laser number one is determining if the computer is on. If the laser number one is on the value is one. If the laser number one is closed the value is zero. The information travels in laser ray number two where that laser hovers the information between states two and three. 

The new atomic lasers that can stay on forever can open the road to more powerful quantum and regular computers. 

The new atom laser can make the virtual version of the time crystal where energy orbits in the quantum field forever. In that system, the superconducting circuit is making possible for the energy surrounding this system. What makes it possible for that new laser that can be on forever. 

This type of laser can make it possible to create a new type of photonic microchips. One version of the use of that kind of laser in data transportation is that the quantum state of the computer sends qubits as photons through those laser rays. Also, a binary system can send photons through those laser rays. 

The next-generation plastic-based microprocessors can use those atomic lasers for information transporters. The system can be more powerful than we even imagine. 

The new atomic lasers can use in quantum memory. Those new memory units can be the bites of plastic where laser rays are jumping between 100% reflecting mirrors. When that data is needed the crossing laser rays will just shoot through those laser rays. 

The atomic laser that can be on forever can make it possible to make very fast photonic microprocessors that can operate in very low temperatures. And those microprocessors can operate in the next-generation spacecraft that operates in the Kuiper belt and farther. 

The ability to interconnect two-time crystals makes it possible to use them in the next generation of superconducting microchips. 

Connecting time crystals makes it possible to use them as wires in small superconducting quantum computers. That thing along with new memristors and other components can make it possible to create a new type of system that can be more fundamental than ever before. 

In time crystals the row of atoms wobbles back and forth. And in that strange entirety, the energy rotates in quantum structure. This means quantum crystals recycle all energy that they use in that wobbling movement. This thing makes those time crystals quantum-size perpetual motion machines. 

And if the microchip uses time crystals as the wires that kind of system requires very little energy. If the time crystals are used as the wires in the microprocessors. That thing makes it possible to create superconducting atom-size quantum microprocessors. 

In that system information package will be shot at the end of the wobbling atom line in the form of a photon. The information that travels through that extremely cold superconducting atom line will keep its form. And when that information package travels through the time crystal. It turns back to the photon. 

The photovoltaic cells or photometers are detecting the brightness or energy level of that photon. This system needs those photovoltaic cells to transmit data from the superconducting quantum system to the regular computers that are giving orders to the motors that control the movements of robots. 

And those kinds of systems are perfect tools for superconducting microchips. The problem with those ultra-fast computer tools is that the electricity jumps over the switches. The time crystals are perfect tools to capture energy from the plasma. They can operate only at extremely low temperatures. 

https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/physicists-link-two-time-crystals-in-seemingly-impossible-experiment/ar-AAYvfTw?li=BBnb7Kzhttps://

https://phys.org/news/2022-06-physicists-atom-laser.html

https://phys.org/news/2022-06-physicists-qubits-laser.html

https://www.techradar.com/news/rip-expensive-silicon-chips-plastic-processors-are-the-future

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memristor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_crystal

Photonic polarization makes it possible to make the next-generation quantum computers.

The term polarization means that the layer filters some wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. That effect is used in sunglasses, where small grooves filter things like UV radiation away. So what those grooves are making? They just capture those wavelengths and that denies things like UV radiation reach the eye. 

So that thing can be the revolution in quantum computers. The quantum computer can load information to the photon cloud. And each wavelength or energy layer transports a certain layer of the data. 

The photonic polarization makes it possible that when the cloud of qubits is shot against the layer certain areas are trapping photons. That has a certain energy level. So in that system, the qubit can be the large number of photons that are loaded with information. 

Every single part of the electromagnetic spectrum is a certain energy level of photons. And that means every single wavelength or color in the spectrum can transfrom to the state of the qubit. In that model, the line of lasers that are using different colors can form the qubit. 

Those small stripes or grooves are also used in the system called a grid. In astronomy, grids are used to turn white light into a spectrum. The photonic or photon polarization means that single photons can filter from the radiation or photon cloud. 

The idea of cloud-based qubits is that the data traves the photon (or electron) cloud. In that qubit, every individual photon is transporting only one part of information. So the photons are single-state qubits. And every individual photon is a certain state of the qubit. The data that is loaded to photons might involve two parts. 

The serial number of the qubit and data. The quantum system will connect those data bites by using serial numbers. And the system knows that qubit layer number one transport the first bite of the information. Then the system connects bite number two etc. after that first bite of information. And if something is missing the system asks to resend that information. 

The error correction of those qubits can be easy. The data can involve the serial number of the qubit and the data part. First, the system sends the number of qubits that carry information. Then the system just calculates qubits that are received. Then it sees something missing. If there are missing qubits the system can ask to resend the data package. The serial number of the qubit makes it possible to remove the qubits that were received. 

Then the system can start to process the received information. And send the received data back to the sender. Sender checks if that information is matching with the sent information. 

The idea is that all photons have individual energy levels. And every part or state of data is loaded to photons by using individual wavelengths. If the system can trap the photons by using their energy level that thing makes it possible to transport data by using systems that can resist things like gravitation waves. 

If every photon has a certain energy level that helps the system sort those photons easily. And transfer their data forward. The photonic polarization helps to separate data from the qubits. 

https://phys.org/news/2022-06-physicists-qubits-laser.html

https://phys.org/news/2022-06-world-ultra-fast-photonic-processor-polarization.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon_polarization

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)

Image: https://phys.org/news/2022-06-physicists-qubits-laser.html

The ultra-fast photonic polarization is making new photonic microprocessors possible.

First, do you know how to make the photonic gate or photon-based logic gate for the microchip? The photonic logic-gate acts as an electricity or electron gateway. But in the point of the electron is a photon or light ray. And in this point, I must tell you that the logic (Boolean) gate in the microprocessor is not the same as a gateway in telecommunication. 

But the fact is that the light can also use to select the gateway also in telecommunication. This is why the gate that controls data in the microprocessor is called a logic gate. And in telecommunication which means communication between devices the gate is called the gateway. 

The energy level or brightness of the (laser) light can determine the address where the data is transported. The idea of the photonic gateway is that. The light will shoot to the sensor that measures the brightness of the light. And then, a certain level of brightness means a certain address where the system must send the information. 

The photonic microprocessors are the extreme hot stuff in computing. The problem with small-size microprocessors is temperature. Photonic processors do not create as much heat as regular processors. That means they can keep the temperature in the computer low. 

And that thing makes them suitable for nanotechnology. The problem with heat is that it affects things like proteins and enzymes. And nanorobots are operating very close to those chemical compounds. 

Half-organic computers made of living neurons and microprocessors can be more intelligent than humans. The photonic processors can help to keep the temperature in that system low so that heat of those processors will not harm those neurons. 

The photonic microprocessors can also be a powerful tool when researchers create the half-organic microprocessors that are connecting living, cloned neurons to computers. The photonic processors can collect the electric signals of the neurons that live in nutrients and then resend data to computers and other ways. 

The two-way communication between organic- and non-organic layers of that type of microchip makes it possible to create effective, small-size microprocessors that can control man-shaped robots. Living neurons make it possible that a computer can learn like a human. But that kind of system is not like a human. The data modules or new skills can be driven to those neurons very fast by using electric impulses that stress those neurons. These kinds of systems can be more intelligent and effective learning than humans. 

Also, ultra-fast computers can use photonic processors. The reason for that is that it keeps the temperature of the system low. Powerful binary computers are needed to calibrate quantum computers and transform binary data to the mode that the quantum computer can drive it to qubits.

But the thing is that the photonic microprocessors are less vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation like EMP pulses. That makes them suitable to use in robots and communication tools that are operating in extremely powerful electromagnetic radiation. 

https://phys.org/news/2022-06-world-ultra-fast-photonic-processor-polarization.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate

There is the possibility that researchers found a new elementary particle.

There is a possibility that physicists found a new, not yet confirmed particle called "sterile neutrino". The sterile neutrino is not interacting in other ways than by gravitation. And that thing has caused the theory that the cold and (or) hot dark matter is forming sterile neutrinos. The sterile neutrino would be one of the greatest things in the 21 st century physics. And it can be even more interesting than Higgs Boson. 

Sterile neutrino could travel through the neutron stars. And they could form even black holes. But the existence of those particles is waiting for confirmation. 

The problem is that sterile neutrinos have extremely weak interaction. And that thing is making them very hard to see. The sterile neutrino would be a neutrino that is "slight". Normally all particles are a little bit "hairy". And that hair is the quantum lightning. 

That hair could normally capture the superstrings that are the wave motion. And that hair is polluting the normal neutrino. As well as that quantum wave motion that impacts that hair pollutes other elementary particles. 

That electromagnetic pollution makes things like qubits possible. The information is stored on the qubit like the small wires. 

Those quantum wires form the layered information storage in the qubit. And every layer of those wires is a certain state of the qubit. The sterile neutrino will not store information the same way. So it cannot use as a qubit. But there is the possibility that sterile neutrinos will travel at the same speed or even faster than photons. 

The reason for that is that the interaction between other particles and a sterile neutrino is minimum. The interaction between particles is the thing that slows them. That electromagnetic interaction acts like friction that slows particles. 

The electromagnetic interaction is the thing that pumps energy away from a particle at a certain speed. When the direction of the energy flow turns away from the particle it cannot accelerate anymore. Acceleration is possible only when energy flows to the particle. And that energy flow to particle increases its speed. 

But when a regular particle will reach a speed that is near the speed of light the energy flow between particle and environment stops. And sooner or later energy will start to flow outside the particle decreasing its speed. The speed is kinetic energy that stores in particles. 

The slight essence of the sterile neutrino denies that the information cannot touch that thing. So the sterile neutrino involves only the information that is stored in it at the beginning of the time. If that sterile neutrino exists it would give information about the Big Bang. 

https://phys.org/news/2022-06-results-anomaly-elementary-particle.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterile_neutrino

Is there life at Venus after all?

Infrared image of Venus' night side (BigThink/Is there phosphine, and maybe life, on Venus after all?)

Some cosmologists have introduced the idea of the very primitive lifeform. That model of very primitive protobacterial is only the water droplet where is a protein net around that thing. Then there is the genome and cell organelle or cell factory that produces that protein network. If that organism lives on the hot planet it would not need even mitochondria. 

So could that kind of lifeform live in the clouds of planet Venus? That's a good question. The lifeform of the planet Venus is not intelligent or there are no visible civilizations. But there can live some kind of protobacterial. That is similar to the very first organisms on Earth. 

The question about life on Venus is interesting. That lifeform could be very different than on Earth. If there is some kind of protobacterial. That means they might be quite similar to the very first organisms on Earth. That means they might use the heat of Venus's higher atmosphere as an energy source. So they might not need mitochondria. 

They use the heat of the atmosphere just like the very first protobacterial used geothermal energy as the power source. Protobacterial are the simplest known organisms. They are the RNA-bite. cell organelles that allow the protobacterial to copy themselves. And the protein bag that surrounds this primitive lifeform. The size of those organisms could be so small that they could hover in the clouds of Venus. 

But are those bacteria, if they existed formed in Venus? Or are they coming from the Earth?

But as we know proving the existence of that kind of lifeforms is very difficult. The high temperature of that planet allows us to use external energy sources. And phosphine in the Venus atmosphere can be the result of the metabolism of that kind of primitive organism. But it can also be the result of some chemical reactions in the Venus atmosphere. The thing is that even if there are some bacteria in the clouds of Venus. 

The source of those bacteria can be on Earth. That means that the probes that are not well sterilized could transport organisms from Earth to Venus. And even if the high temperature on the surface of that planet destroys all organisms. 

The sulfur-eating archaebacteria can stay alive at the top layer of the clouds of that planet. But confirming that thing requires more investigations. And until the results of those investigations are confirmed, we must say that the (still hypothetical) lifeform of the planet Venus is not confirmed. And the question remains. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/phosphine-life-venus/

Size comparison of Venus and Earth (Wikipedia/Venus)

There is a hypothesis that the origin of life is on the planet, Venus. 

When we are thinking about the conditions on the planet Venus where the temperature rises to 600 degrees celsius. The carbon monoxide atmosphere causes an extreme greenhouse effect.  And sulfur acid clouds are covering that hellish world we cannot imagine the more hostile place to living organisms. But if we think of the conditions of Earth before the life formed on our planet they were very similar to Venus. 

There are high mountain areas like Maxwell Montes on Venus. And some of those mountains are rising above those sulfur acid clouds. So could Venus be the home of life? The high temperature of the atmosphere of that planet makes it possible that the protobacterial don't need mitochondria at all. They can take the energy that they need. From the atmosphere of that planet. 

We can think about the possibility that the first protobacterial formed on Venus and traveled to the Earth inside some meteorite. That flew away from Venus. Because of an asteroid impact, those hypothetical protobacterial could survive in the conditions on the young Earth better than some martian bacteria. If that hypothesis is true the first protobacterial would come from Venus and then they would start to advance to the lifeforms that we know.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Montes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus

The ion thrusters.

Image 1:) The 2.3 kW NSTAR ion thruster of the NASA for the Deep Space 1 spacecraft during a hot fire test at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. (Wikipedia/Ion rocket)

Ion thrusters are one of the most capable engines for spacecraft. But the problem with those systems is weak thrust. The reason for that weak thrust is that no force affects the front wall of the rocket engine. In regular chemical rockets, the burning fuel and oxygen are sent pressure impact to the front wall of the reaction chamber. In ion thrusters, the ions will travel straight through the magnetic accelerator. And this means that there is no push against the front wall of the reaction chamber. 

*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*

Diagram of rocket engine

(<<<<<X>>>>>)

( )=The wall of the reaction chamber

X= Burning point

<<>>=Direction of the force. The pressure that pushes against the front wall of the reaction chamber is the thing that gives thrust. 

*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*

The diagram of the regular ion thruster 

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxx=Magnetic accelerator

+++= Positive or negative ions

<<<= Direction of ion movement. The lack of forwarding pushing effect causes weak thrust. In some models improving the thrust will happen by shooting part of the ions to the front wall of the rocket chamber. That will make it possible to use ion engines like a normal rocket system. 

*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*

Image 2:) A diagram of how a gridded electrostatic ion engine (multipole magnetic cusp type) works.

(Wikipedia/Ion thruster)

In some models of the ion thrusters, the part of the ions will shoot forward. And that thing causes ions will also push against the front wall of the ion chamber. Also in some versions of that system, the ions will spray in the rocket chamber as a cloud. 

The ion engine would be a series of "U"-shaped tubes. The accelerator will drive ions or plasma against the "U"-shaped curve and that means that this ion rocket will also push the rocket forward. 

In some newest visions, the quantum ion engine would be the tool for next-generation space travel. In that model, the superpositioned and entangled particles like protons are put in the graphene layer. 

The laser or some other type of radiation will conduct energy to the quantum entanglement. And that system will send wave motion to both sides. The wave motion will impact also the front wall of the chamber. And that thing gives the thrust for that system. 

In some other models, the ions would spray into the chamber that is above the quantum entanglement. And the energy that is delivered from those things makes those ions shine and pushes them against the roof of the chamber. This kind of system doesn't need to be as accurate as quantum computers. The purpose of quantum entanglement would be only to deliver energy to the ion cloud that pushes the craft forward. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_thruster

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

The laser engine and laser levitation can be powerful tools.

Image 1:) F-35 Lightning II (Wikipedia/Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II)

When we are thinking possibility to make a craft that levitates over the ground we can make that thing by using the low-pressure channel. That is formed by using laser rays. When a laser ray will shoot over the craft it causes the air molecules will start to escape from that point. 

And that thing can form the low-pressure channel above the craft. Powerful laser rays can also use to make the vacuum bubble behind the ramjet and scramjet engines making it possible to start them on the ground. The lasers will create a vacuum bubble behind the engine. And that thing makes airflow through the engine tube. 

The same kind of air channel can also create by using powerful radio waves. The coherent radio radiation will ionize the air molecules that escape from the track of the aircraft. The idea is taken from lightning. The powerful EM-stress makes air molecules escape from each other. And that makes the air thinner than around it. That thing makes friction lower and allows aircraft to travel faster. 

Laser engines and levitation can solve one of the problems of hypersonic flight and that thing is fiction. The friction causes problems with the hyper-fast flight because air molecules raise the temperature of the aircraft's body. The friction is the kinetic energy that releases when the aircraft hits those molecules. 

Image 2) UFO with the mast. Is that mast the laser that creates the vacuum or low-pressure channel above that saucer-shaped object? A similar UFO was pictured over Rouen, France in 1954. And this image is taken on May 11, 1950. (Wikipedia, Minnville UFO photographs). 

There are two ways to make the friction lower. One version is to raise the aircraft to a high altitude, where the air is thinner. And that thing decreases friction. The thermal energy that impacts air molecules depends on the number of impacts in the time unit. And that means that when the distance of the air molecules is higher the impacts happen less frequently. 

Another way to decrease friction is to shoot laser rays ahead of the aircraft. The laser ray would cause the air molecules are escaping away from that channel. And that thing makes a channel where the air pressure is lower than around that channel. The laser ray would make the channel where the fiction is lower than in a normal atmosphere. And there is the possibility that the low-pressure channel that the laser forms can also pull objects above the ground. 

In some theories, the famous "Flying Dutchman" is the ship that forms a low-pressure channel ahead of it. The fact is that if the laser ray will shoot forward of the ship that laser ray will ionize the air. And then those ions will travel away from each other that forming the low-pressure channel that is pulling the ship in that channel. In some models, the so-called sonic whirl can cause the low-pressure channel that causes that can pull the craft to that channel. 

https://www.aenigmatis.com/rouen-ufo-1954/rouen.htm

Image 1:) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II

Image 2:) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMinnville_UFO_photographs

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Brane theory, black holes, and gravitation are three of the most interesting things in the universe.

Image 1:) "A knot traced on the surface of a two-holed torus creates two complementary Seifert surfaces, shown here in pink and purple. 

Source: Kyle Hayden, Seungwon Kim, Maggie Miller, Junghwan Park, and Isaac Sundberg". (Quanta Magazine/Surfaces So Different Even a Fourth Dimension Can’t Make Them the Same)

Is a black hole similar to an electron-hole but more powerful? 

At the beginning of this text is the image. That portrays the Seifert surfaces or Seifert layers. The Seifert layer can change information between its layers by using tensors. So the "8" shaped Seifert layer can portray the quantum entanglement and the tensors that are like sticks. That is connecting the Seifert layers. In this text, the Seifert surface and Seifert layer mean the same thing. 

Seifert's surface demonstrates the situation where the information between the layers cannot transmit even if those layers are in the same system. That means those layers are in the same system but the observer cannot see them at the same time otherwise than stepping out of that system. 

Seifert layer that has an "8" form. That layer could introduce the model of the black hole pair. The Seifert layers cannot transform into each other. But if there are the sticks or tensors they can transmit information through those tensors that are connecting those layers. 

So every dimension is like the Seifert layer. And that makes them very hard to model. Two black holes can transmit information between each other if they make that thing in the fourth dimension. 

Image 3:)"These Seifert surfaces, formed from the same knot, cannot be transformed into each other in either three or four dimensions. Source: Kyle Hayden, Seungwon Kim, Maggie Miller, Junghwan Park, and Isaac Sundberg". (Quanta Magazine/Surfaces So Different Even a Fourth Dimension Can’t Make Them the Same)

The fact is that the black holes can have more than two states. The black holes can have different energy levels. And they can form a two-way superposition. The idea is that the first black hole can be at a higher energy level in the third dimension. But the second black hole can be at a higher energy level in the fourth dimension. 

So energy can travel from the first black hole to the second black hole in the third dimension. But it can travel backward in the fourth dimension. The idea of this model is that black holes are like mountains. The diameter of the first mountain at sea level can be larger than the second mountain. But the second mountain is higher than the first mountain. So in the fourth dimension, the energy flows to the lower pike. And in the third dimension, the energy travels from a larger area to a smaller area. 

This means that Hawking radiation is the radiation that releases when particles are dropping from the fourth dimension to the third dimension. This happens when the higher black hole sends particle that drops to the lower black hole. When those particles are materializing in the black hole it causes wave motion in the material to whirl inside it. 

And that wave pushes energy out from the event horizon. When some particle is near the event horizon it can form the quantum entanglement with other particles and send photons away from the black hole. 

Is gravitation the "cold area" in the universe? In that idea, the wave motion that travels to the low energy area pushes the objects in that "cold area". 

Is gravitation the virtual force anyway? When we are looking at the black holes we are seeing that things are very much like the electron hole that forms when the electron's energy level is rising higher than the environment. At that point, the electron-hole is like a shadow. And that makes electricity move in the wire. 

We can think that electromagnetic fields or quantum fields are like temperature. Particles are forming "shadows" at the point where they are. And that shadow causes that energy is trying to flow to that shadow. The thing that supports this model is that the thick objects are heavier than the thin objects. A stronger "shadow" causes that energy or wave motion is falling at that lower energy point. 

And that means the gravitation could act like a vacuum or low-pressure chamber. The radiation that comes behind an object pushes the object to the gravitational center. In low-pressure chambers, the higher pressure will push the object in that chamber. And maybe the gravitation acts the same way. 

The idea of the black hole is that it's the object that pulls everything including light in it. But is the black hole only the extreme shadow that acts like some low-pressure chambers? That means the radiation behind the object is pushing it to the event horizon. 

So the idea is that the black hole is the particle that is in the fourth dimension. And in its point is the similar "hole" that electrons are leaving when their energy level rises higher than their environment. The black hole or the singularity and event horizons what we see is the shadow that pulls everything in it. 

At the point of the event horizon, the object that falls into the black hole can be seen last time. The event horizon is the point where escaping velocity turns higher than the speed of light. Or otherways saying it's the energy level where that object can interact with objects that energy level is at base level or the same level with the universe. 

Image 2:) A Seifert surface bounded, by a set of Borromean rings. (Wikipedia, Seifert surface)

Can we introduce mathematical models of dimensions as Seifert surfaces?

In brane theory, the main brane is the dimension and the sub-branes that are between the main branes are the sub-dimensions. The idea of that theory is that the dimension is a series of layers. But are the layers straight or are they Seifert surfaces?

Albert Einstein introduced the idea of the universe's curvature in his Theory of Relativity. The thing is that the things like the brane theory are not noticing the curvature of the universe enough. In their models of the energy level in the space and dimensions. So when we are thinking about the models of the dimension we can think are the branes of the brane theory rather than Seifert surfaces and straight surfaces. 

Image 4:) Brane model. Description of a brane goes like this: A brane is an object similar to a quantum string. But with any number of dimensions. Rather than the single dimension of a string. (https://verse-and-dimensions.fandom.com/wiki/Brane). So, we could almost call it a flat quantum string. 

The Seifert surface is one of the models of the layer that are forming dimensions. Maybe we are making mistakes. When we are thinking about the model of the dimension from the point of view of the brane theory. 

When we think of the brane theory, where each dimension is forming of sub-dimensions or branes. In brane theory, each brane is a certain energy layer. So the model of the dimension is like a series of papers or a little bit book-looking structure. 

In brane theory, the main brane is the marginal where the objects can interact with each other. When the energy level between two objects is at a certain marginal it makes those objects visible to each other. But when the energy difference between the energy layers is too big those objects are vanishing from each other. 

So the main brane is the event horizon. The event horizon is the final point where objects can see each other. And that point is relative. It depends on the difference between the energy levels of those objects. But each object is curving the universe when they are increasing its energy level. 

When we are looking at the Seifert surface. We can notice that those surfaces cannot transform each other if they are made with the same knot. But then we can think that the Seifert surface can be the model that is looking a little bit like "8". That kind of Seifert surface can transmit information between two objects. But those surfaces require a tensor that connects them. 

So the Black Holes are those tensors that are connecting the dimensions. It forms the tunnel between dimensions. And as I wrote at the beginning of this text we think of black holes the wrong way. We should think that a black hole pulls an object upwards to the roof of the dimension. So the black hole is the object that is in the fourth dimension and leaves the structure that is a little bit like an electron-hole. 

Images and sources. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/special-surfaces-remain-distinct-in-four-dimensions-20220616

https://verse-and-dimensions.fandom.com/wiki/Brane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane_cosmology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seifert_surface

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/