Gravitation and space.

 

The main question about gravity is how or where the quantum overpressure that pushes particles forms. In some models, the whisk-looking structure that forms particles would connect the gravitational radiation between them.

That forms the gravitational electric arcs or very small virtual particles in the main particle. And in that case, the energy that reflects from those virtual particles that could be gravitons push particles forward. 

Gravitation and superstrings: superstrings act like rockets that move energy to another side of a particle from the direction of the gravitational center, 

Gravitation will affect space. And pull quantum fields in the gravitational center. But can gravitation also affect individual particles? We can think that gravity is a complicated interaction. Gravity is the force that affects the wrong way. 

When gravitational radiation hits particles they form an electromagnetic shadow or lower energy area at the front of the object, if we think that "front" is the direction of the gravitational center or travel direction. There is a possibility gravitational waves also consist of superstrings. Those are extremely thin waves. 

Those superstrings would be small and thin wormholes. When a gravitational wave superstring hits a particle its front side would be at a higher energy level than the side behind the particle. And that means energy travels to the lower energy side. That lower energy side would be the electromagnetic shadow behind the particle. 

When a superstring travels through a particle energy flows on it. And that superstring acts like a rocket engine that pushes particles forward to the gravitational center. The electromagnetic shadow pulls particles back. And the superstring drives them forward. 

But then there is another model. In that model reflection forms a standing wave that denies the wave movement that comes from gravitational center impact with a particle. That causes a quantum freeze or electromagnetic shadow at the front of the particle. And backward-coming radiation or wave movement pushes particles forward. 

The quantum vacuum that forms between a standing gravitational wave and a particle causes an effect that quantum fields that travel into it push the particle forward. 

In that model gravitation is reflection. When gravitational radiation or gravitational waves impact particles they reflect. That causes an impact between wave movements with the same wavelength. Those waves form a standing wave until another wave movement pack must give up. Because wave movement cannot reach the front side of the particle it causes energy flow from backward to the front of the particle. In that model, the back-coming wave movement pushes the particle forward. 

If an observer wants to measure an object's speed in the quantum system the observer must be outside that system.

The gravitational interaction with space explains why the speed of light can cross inside black holes. But if we want to see that thing, we must stand out of the black hole. 

When we are in falling quantum fields that pull objects with them like rivers, we will see that the speed is zero. Same way as when a river takes a person with it, we can say that our speed, compared to the flowing water's speed is zero. Observers must stand at the river bank to measure our speed. 

Gravity pulls quantum fields inside the black holes. And the speed of light is relative to those quantum fields. So the speed of light is always the same. If we sit in a craft that travels in falling quantum fields we would not see any changes, because we are inside the system. 

When those quantum fields' speed increases the speed of light compared to the speed of those fields is the same. If we want to measure the changes in the speed of light, we must stay outside the system. In that case, we can measure the speed of light, and the speed of the quantum field. 

Space is the quantum fields that form "space" in the universe. 

Can we see the wormholes? The question is are the mysterious wormholes in the relativistic jets that are leaving from black holes? The model of the wormhole is the gravitational tornado. There is a possibility that a relativistic jet can transfer so much energy in it that gravitational waves can form a spiral structure. And if that is right the relativistic jets are the place where gravitational wormholes exist. 

Relativistic jets are the highest energy places in the universe. The energy level inside them is so high that particles will not age in that high-energy plasma beam. That means the relativistic jets are electromagnetic wormholes, but is their energy level so high, that it can close gravitational spiral, or gravitational tornado in it? 

A gravitational tornado explains why black holes are not expanding. The idea is that the black hole expands until the gravitational tornado that forms its rotational axle breaks itself through the event horizon. The idea in this model is that spiral gravitational field turns so dense, that gravitational waves cannot affect inside it. 

Space or quantum fields around the gravitational center acts like air around the tornado. The gravitational tornado just moves quantum fields sideways. And that is its effect on space. When quantum fields move sideways other quantum fields must fall to that area. Called gravitational center. 

And those quantum fields feed that quantum tornado. The gravitational radiation is like reflection radiation from that tornado, that forms swirling superstrings. The time dilation means denser energy or quantum fields around that quantum tornado. 

The model goes like this: there is a gravitational tornado in the black holes and all gravitational centers. That tornado or gravitational whirl transfers quantum fields or space sideways and when a gravitational tornado moves quantum fields sideways, another quantum field must fall to that tornado.

The thing. That makes gravity interesting, and special it just pulls objects. Sometimes I wrote that gravity could be the force that affects space. The space means the quantum fields around the object. And those quantum fields will travel to the gravitational center. 

If there is some kind of gravitational tornado that guides that radiation or quantum fields sideways to quantum fields that travel into the gravitational center, we can say that the gravitational center like a black hole just moves the quantum field into another direction. And that causes an effect where the quantum fields pull objects with them. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Researchers found a new model of quantum tunneling.

"New research reveals new insights into electron tunneling dynamics at the sub-nanometer scale. Using a van der Waals complex, Ar-Kr+, and an innovative approach for tracking tunneling dynamics, the research highlights the crucial influence of neighboring atoms in quantum tunneling. This work has important implications for quantum physics, nanoelectronics, and the study of complex biomolecules." (ScitechDaily, Quantum Breakthrough: Unveiling the Mysteries of Electron Tunneling)

Electron tunneling is one model of quantum tunneling. This new solution means a tunneling effect between electrons. That are in opposite positions to the potential wall. 

Researchers created a new model for electron tunneling. Electron tunneling is one version of quantum tunneling. In quantum tunneling particle or wave movement impacts the potential wall. And then that thing travels through the wall. In electron tunneling, an electron makes that thing. 

Electrons can travel through the wall itself. In that case, its energy level rises so high that it pushes other particles away from its route.  Or it can send wave movement through the wall. That thing makes electron tunneling important thing in semiconductors. 

 And then make a superposition with some other electron. In that case, the higher energy electron can send information through the wall to another electron. In that case, the electron simply transfers its oscillation to another electron that starts to oscillate with the same frequency as the first electron. 

"The electronic chip and the Van der Waals complex with an internuclear distance 0.39 nm. Credit: Ming Zhu, Jihong Tong, Xiwang Liu, Weifeng Yang, Xiaochun Gong, Wenyu Jiang, Peifen Lu, Hui Li, Xiaohong Song & Jian Wu" (ScitechDaily, Quantum Breakthrough: Unveiling the Mysteries of Electron Tunneling)

The potential layer can pump energy to wave movement that tunnels through it. 

"A simulation of a wave packet incident on a potential barrier. In relative units, the barrier energy is 20, greater than the mean wave packet energy of 14. A portion of the wave packet passes through the barrier." (Wikipedia, Quantum tunnelling)

Quantum tunneling can used in a very large technology sector. Engineers can benefit from quantum tunneling in microchips in semiconducting technology. However, the tunneling effect is useful in next-generation sensors and scanning technology. 

Quantum tunneling is the thing that makes it possible to create new types of engines. Those systems send wave movement against the plates. Then those plates will resend that energy to another side of the wall. If the system drives energy to those walls, that will increase the energy level of the wave movement. 

From the image, you can see the thing in those engines. The main part of energy reflects forward. The tunneling effect makes the small pike behind those plates. In some models, the system can operate otherwise. The plate is at the side or direction where the craft is moving. And the wave movement hits it like a sail. So that kind of engine can give thurst. 

That tunneling effect can create at least a pressure impulse at the other side of the wall. But it's possible to use that kind of engine system in outer space, if the system sprays particles to the layer, the tunneling engine can transfer energy to them and push them backward. 

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-breakthrough-unveiling-the-mysteries-of-electron-tunneling/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling

Researchers got the first evidence of vacuum decay.

  

"Scientists from Newcastle University, as part of an international team, have made a groundbreaking discovery by providing the first experimental evidence of vacuum decay. This achievement, pivotal for understanding the early universe and fundamental physics, was observed in a supercooled gas near absolute zero and has set the stage for further research in quantum field phenomena." (ScitechDaily, Unlocking Quantum Mysteries: Scientists Produce First Experimental Evidence of Vacuum Decay)

Researchers got the first evidence of vacuum decay. 

Vacuum decay is a situation where the vacuum itself decays in two vacuums. There is no confirmation about that thing. But theoretically, it's possible that. 

Electromagnetic impulses can split a vacuum into two pieces. There are no confirmed cases of vacuum decay. But vacuum decay is where the vacuum decays in two pieces, and if the size of those two vacuums rises as big as the original vacuum was. 

That thing can cause an effect that quantum fields around the vacuum fall in it. That thing forms a situation where those quantum fields reflect from the middle of those two vacuums. And that reflection from the falling quantum fields makes a thing, called vacuum energy possible. It's possible that. The electromagnetic radiation that hits the quantum vacuum can split it into two vacuums, and then make them as big as the original vacuum 

Vacuum energy. 

Vacuum cannot form energy. But annihilation between particle-antiparticle-pairs can form it.  When wave movement falls in a quantum vacuum, it impacts in the middle of it with wave movement. That comes from the opposite side. That thing forms the Schwinger effect, where wave-particle duality forms a particle-antiparticle pair that can annihilate immediately. That annihilation forms energy. 

And a vacuum can harvest energy. Vacuum forms particles and virtual particles from impacting wave movement that falls inside it. In that case, the virtual particles, or energy whirl in a vacuum and harvest energy from their environment. That thing is called the Casimir effect. 

The Casimir effect forms virtual particles between two layers that are close to each other. Those virtual particles are like energy bridges. And when outside energy flow affects them, that thing raises their energy level and makes them collect energy from around them.  

If we think pressure or gas vacuum gas always travels to it. If there is a windmill at the edge of the vacuum that gas flow is easy to move to energy. 

There are no absolute vacuums in the universe. All vacuums are so-called false vacuums. That means at least energy or wave movement falls in those vacuums. There that impacting wave movement impacts to each other. Those impacts are from virtual particles. And wave-particle duality forms particle-antiparticle pairs. 

That thing means that particle-antiparticle-pair annihilation creates energy in the vacuum. Also, interaction with virtual particles like skyrmions and other particles can form energy, or they can transfer energy to other particles. 

The quantum vacuum acts like a vacuum bomb. It collects standing waves in the middle of it. And when the power of standing waves rises higher than the environment. That thing turns the direction of wave movement. That means a vacuum can increase the power of energy. 

The quantum vacuum itself can create energy. The process goes like this. The vacuum pulls wave movement in the quantum vacuum. That wave movement stops for a short moment in the bubble. During that moment this standing wave packs energy. And when the energy level rises high enough, that standing wave will start to travel out from the vacuum. 

A vacuum can harvest energy from space around it. When quantum fields fall in the vacuum,  they impact each other. That thing turns the vacuum act like a vacuum bomb. And that thing where quantum fields impact each other can make a vacuum to harvest energy from its environment. 

Sometimes is introduced that vacuum energy, or energy that vacuum decay releases could be the dark energy's source. The fact is that. Vacuum energy forms when electromagnetic fields fall in a vacuum and then reflect from each other. In that process, kinetic energy travels between those EM fields. And that process increases its energy. 

https://scitechdaily.com/unlocking-quantum-mysteries-scientists-produce-first-experimental-evidence-of-vacuum-decay/

A pulsar that orbits a black hole makes it possible to test relativity. And uncover Einstein's enigma.

   A pulsar that orbits a black hole makes it possible to test relativity. And uncover Einstein's enigma. 

"An artist’s impression of the system assuming that the massive companion star is a black hole. The brightest background star is its orbital companion, the radio pulsar PSR J0514-4002E. The two stars are separated by 8 million km and circle each other every 7 days. Credit: Daniëlle Futselaar (artsource.nl) (ScitechDaily, Einstein’s Enigma: How a Mysterious Cosmic Object in Milky Way Could Test Relativity Like Never Before)

All objects in the universe are gravitational centers. But gravitation is not the only force in the universe. It's dominating and interacts over long distances. The size of the gravitational center determines how far gravitation can interact. Things like planets are gravity centers, or actually, they are groups or entireties of gravitational waves. 

Objects or atoms and subatomic particles that form planets and other entireties receive electromagnetic or quantum radiation. Those objects take that radiation into their quantum fields, and sooner or later those particle's energy level turns higher than the environment. Then they send radiation that pushes them away from each other. Quantum gravitation means that the gravity field around single atoms and subatomic particles is very weak. The electromagnetic reflection from those atoms and particles destroys material and entireties sooner or later. 

Expansion of the universe decreases the universe's energy level all the time. And that thing makes sure that energy travels out from particles. Energy travel or material vaporization happens also inside the objects. And that thing causes a situation where radiation that comes in the entirety pushes the outer level outside. The universe's expansion guarantees that energy flows out from material and continues all the time. And that energy rips material into pieces and turns it into wave movement. 

PSR J0514-4002E: pulsar that orbits the black hole. 

A new object allows researchers to test relativity better than any time before. That new and interesting object is a radio pulsar PSR J0514-4002E. And the thing that makes this pulsar interesting is that it orbits a black hole. The black hole pulls radiation from the pulsar. And allows researchers to measure the curvature of spacetime. That thing can open roads to measure the mysterious effects like gravity and dark matter. That strange binary star also gives information about the time dilation. 

That object also makes it possible to research how gravitational waves act in its environment and other particles that orbit black holes. The thing is that the gravitational waves can reflect and they can push each other from their track like electromagnetic wave movement makes. So gravity is like light or radio waves. 

The curvature of spacetime means that there is a "gravitational pothole" in space. The thing that makes the time dilation is the denser quantum fields, and when some object falls into a black hole, that gravitational pothole makes quantum fields pump more energy into the object. And that energy transfer is the thing, called time dilation. When the object travels in the gravitational pothole, gravity causes effect, where those quantum fields touch it longer, and transport energy into it. 

"Potential formation history of the radio pulsar NGC 1851E and its exotic companion star. Credit: Thomas Tauris (Aalborg University / MPIfR)" (ScitechDaily, Einstein’s Enigma: How a Mysterious Cosmic Object in Milky Way Could Test Relativity Like Never Before)

A black hole is a gravitational center just like planets and stars. But it's more massive. 

The black hole is the gravitational center. Just like all other gravitational centers like Earth, Jupiter, and the Sun. But in black holes, those quantum fields are denser than in regular gravitational objects. We can say that black holes and other gravity centers are like onions. How tightly packed those quantum fields are determines the strength of gravity. 

In black holes that onion is extremely tightly packed quantum fields around the nucleus of that object. When those quantum fields oscillate they form an electromagnetic vacuum between them. And that vacuum pulls electromagnetic fields to the black hole. So we can say that gravity is an effect that affects the environment. The environment called spacetime is an electromagnetic quantum field that pulls particles into the gravitational center like a river takes garbage with it. 

The gravity field is one of the quantum fields, just like electromagnetic fields are. 

When a supernova explodes there forms an electromagnetic vacuum around that object. Then other electromagnetic (or quantum) fields from outside that explosion press that bubble black in the place, where an explosive star has been before. Then those quantum fields form a structure that looks like an onion. 

Also, that crush turns the size of those particles. It pushes electrons and all quarks into one entirety. The wave movement or quantum fields that come from outside causes oscillation in that "gravity onion". And that oscillation sends gravity waves. When a black hole sends gravity waves it loses part of its mass. 

The outcoming quantum fields keep the black hole in its form. There could be a gravitational or electromagnetic tornado in the black hole, that transports energy out from it. Because that quantum tornado pulls quantum fields out from the black hole's rotation axle. That means that the structure acts like a thermal pump. The reason why that material can escape from the black hole is that. The gravity field at the event horizon is stronger than inside the black hole. 

The effect is similar to the case, where we would fall into gas planets like Uranus. The massive gravity around that planet forms when the planet, and its atmosphere pull objects as an entirety. But when we are on the solid core of that planet, gravity would be lower than on Earth. 

When an object travels in a gravitational tornado the internal quantum fields of the black hole pump energy in it, and because gravity is force. That affects to environment. The object can escape from a black hole because the speed of light is relative. That means the speed of light is always relative to the speed of the environment. An object's speed about the speed of quantum fields determines the speed of particles that travel in them. 

"A zoom into the globular cluster NGC 1851 followed by an orbital simulation showing the original pulsar – white dwarf binary being disrupted by the arrival of a massive third body of unknown nature. The new arrival kicks the white dwarf out of orbit and captures the pulsar for itself, forming a new binary system with a pulsar in orbit around, most likely, either a light black hole or a supermassive neutron star. Credit: OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology" (ScitechDaily, Einstein’s Enigma: How a Mysterious Cosmic Object in Milky Way Could Test Relativity Like Never Before)

Every single particle or object in the universe, from gluon to planets, is the gravitational center. Things like planets are entireties of the gravitational sub-centers. 

The reason why gravity is stronger at the edge of a black hole is that a black hole pulls objects as an entirety. When objects fall in the black hole they form independent gravity centers inside the event horizon. That means black holes are not as solid and homogenous as people think. 

Just like all particles form independent gravity centers in the gravity center called Earth, similar particles form gravitational centers around and in the event horizon. Those gravitational centers form internal gravitational waves inside objects. 

Gravitational waves also can reflect from each other like all other wave movements. And there is a possibility that gravitational waves that reflect from those particles and objects suppress each other. 

When an object travels behind the event horizon to the middle of the black hole, there are fewer objects in front of it when it closes the black hole's core. 

In black holes, the event horizon sends gravity waves also in the black hole. Those gravity waves impact in the middle of it, then they reflect to the event horizon. 

When radiation travels through that gravity onion it reaches its nucleus. In the middle of the black hole. That radiation will pack until it reaches a higher energy level than its environment. The thing is that when the object closes the heart of a black hole it faces a situation, where there is less black hole or material ahead of it. That means the gravity level in the middle of a black hole is lower than at the edge of the event horizon. 

The gravitational effect is always the same. But the strength of that effect changes. And that's why researchers can use gas planets like Uranus to make a model of how gravity interacts in the black hole. 

To prove that thing. We must think about an object or planet where we can dive. What kinds of objects are gas planets? Gas planets are planets with massive atmospheres that are around solid core. So when we dive into the gas giant. We would dive into the planet. And we can use that model, to make models of how gravity works in massive objects. 

The idea is that gravity always has the same form. And it affects objects in the same way. But the strength of that field is different. But without depending on the strength, gravity fields always act the same way. 

The thing that drives particles forward is the quantum field or wave movement that comes from backward. The effect where gravity fields weaker when we fall into an object is known from the gas giants like Uranus. Uranus has a massive gravity field when we look it out from its atmosphere. Outside the Uranus gas and solid material pull objects as an entirety. 

But if we dive into that massive gas giant's atmosphere, and fall to its solid shell, their gravity would be lower than on Earth. The reason for that is outside the planet's atmosphere planet and its giant atmosphere pull objects as an entirety. But if we fall into that planet, or its massive atmosphere there is less gravitational mass ahead of the object. But the pressure of the atmosphere is massive. 

https://scitechdaily.com/einsteins-enigma-how-a-mysterious-cosmic-object-in-milky-way-could-test-relativity-like-never-before/

Quantum computers can be smaller than atoms. And a new way to control biorobots.

  Quantum computers can be smaller than atoms. And a new way to control biorobots. 

"Emission of a single photon in the Maxwell fish-eye lens. Credit: Oliver Diekmann (TU Wien)" (ScitechDaily.com/Quantum Ping-Pong: The New Era of Atomic Photon Control)

Nanotechnology requires new types of computers. The nanomachines can control genetically engineered bacteria by turning DNA plasmid like a rudder. 

But let's begin with quantum ping-pong. The DNA plasmids also can act as chemical qubits. 

"Maxwell fish-eye lens with two atoms. A photon (green) is traveling between the two atoms along the curved light rays (white). Credit: Oliver Diekmann (TU Wien)" (ScitechDaily.com/Quantum Ping-Pong: The New Era of Atomic Photon Control)

Quantum ping-pong is the new atomic way to control light. 

The ability to control light or photon flow at the single-atom- or subatomic level brings new ways to make quantum computers. Theoretically, quantum computers can be proton- or neutron-sized. The system transports information through the electron shells to quarks. And then the quantum system puts quarks into the superposition and makes quantum entanglement between them. There is also the possibility of making quantum computers using superpositioned and entangled electrons on the orbitals around the atom's core. 

That thing allows us to make a new type of effective, atom-size quantum computer with two or three parts. And that thing turns those atom-size quantum computers into the "iron-based AI". The electrons and quarks inside protons and neutrons form three different entirety. If the system does not use quarks as the superposition, it can create superposition and entanglement between protons and neutrons as entireties. 

That kind of atom-size quantum computers can revolutionize nanotechnology. If those miniature quantum computers are connected with nano-size microchips that thing allows us to make independently operating nanomachines. The atomic-size components allow the system to drive complicated code. And then there could be miniature thermos bottles, where those qubits exist. 

The chemical qubits and biorobots. 

It's possible to create a ring-shaped protein. And then on that protein is the small magnesite bites. Then the system drives data to those magnesite bites. And after that, the computer transports this enzyme to the gate. And if there are eight magnesite contact layers the system can drive data that is cut in eight pieces into the eight wires. And each of those wires is one state of qubit. 

Plasmid wheel as a qubit. 

This kind of thing can act as a chemical qubit. If there are bacteria that can create electric impulses the synthetic DNA or RNA can make these bacteria make the electric impulses, which allows them to send data to the non-organic binary computer. There is the possibility that the nano-size computer and DNA factory make the DNA encoded the data, and then the system turns that DNA into a plasmid wheel. 

Then it cuts that plasmid into four (or more bites) and transports them into the four bacteria. Then those bacteria send information into the lines, and each of those (in this case) four lines is one state of the qubit. These kinds of systems can used to control biorobots. 

There could be a series of DNA plasmids in genetically engineered bacteria. In that case in electric bacteria, individual DNA can operate each of those strings and electric impulses that those bacteria send. Those artificial organisms can be the gate between biocomputers and regular binary computers. The DNA factory can encode data into the DNA form. And then the artificial electric bacteria can encode that data for the computer systems. 

Biorobots and nanotechnology. Nanomachine can turn DNA plasmid like a small rudder. 

Biorobots are genetically manipulated bacteria. The DNA plasmid controls the bacteria's operations. The nanomachine that turns the DNA plasmid into the right position can drive bacteria in the direction, where controllers want. The DNA plasmid is like a rudder that the nanomachine turns. 

Programming the bacteria can be based on the synthetic DNA or RNA bites. Those bites can connected to the protein or enzyme. The enzyme is like a long tape that normally catalyzes acid reactions. The reason why some enzymes make that thing is simple. There are acid molecules on the enzyme, and when it moves above the layer, that tape-looking molecule brings fresh acid molecules to the point. 

There are other ways how enzymes can catalyze the acid reactions. But this kind of enzyme tape can also carry DNA bites to the right point of the bacteria. If those wheel-looking DNA molecules are transported near the nanomachine. That turns the DNA plasmid, the nanomachine can destroy the plasmid and then take the new one from the enzyme tape. 

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-ping-pong-the-new-era-of-atomic-photon-control/

https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/01/22/quantum-computers-can-be-smaller-than-atoms-and-a-new-way-to-control-biorobots/

Researchers found a new superconductor with an on/off switch.

 Researchers found a new superconductor with an on/off switch. 

"A team of physicists has discovered a new superconducting material with unique tunability for external stimuli, promising advancements in energy-efficient computing and quantum technology. This breakthrough, achieved through advanced research techniques, enables unprecedented control over superconducting properties, potentially revolutionizing large-scale industrial applications." (ScitechDaily.com/Scientists Discover Groundbreaking Superconductor With On-Off Switches)

The new superconductor that can change its state from superconductor to material with resistance and backward has many applications. And one of those things is the switch that allows the transfer of information into the nano-size microchips and quantum computers. The superconducting materials play a vital role in the solid-state qubits. 

Quantum computers are the only thing that requires these types of superconductors that can switch their state. The nanotechnical microprocessors are a new tool that can be as great advancement as quantum computers. 

Nano-size microprocessors can used to make brains into nanorobots. And maybe in future nanotechnical microchips will supplant the solid microchips. In nanotechnical processors are multiple independent microchips. Those microchips can form virtual quantum computers. In that kind of AI-controlled system, microchips are in lines. Then the AI shares information with those data-handling lines. And when information travels through those lines the AI reconnects it by using marks that the system puts in those data bites. 

"Light pulses can be stored and retrieved in the glass cell, which is filled with rubidium atoms and is only a few millimeters in size. Credit: © University of Basel, Department of Physics/Scixel" (ScitechDaily.com/Micro Marvels: Researchers Shrink Quantum Memory for Mass Production)

The system uses a similar sliding window with the TCP/IP. And then every data bite is numbered. The system cuts data in pieces and then numbers can go like this. "Data bite is the third bite that system sent to line four". So the data bite will get number 3/4. Then the AI just puts those bites back in order, when the operation is done. 

The key element in the quantum computer is quantum memory, which changes binary information into qubits. And the first mass-produced quantum memories are coming. That means the quantum calculation systems will turn more common faster than we thought. 

One of those objects are new type of mass memory. The system can drive data to superconducting mass memory in the form of electricity. Then the system can lock information in that mass memory. The superconducting mass memory can be an electric wire circle where information travels without resistance. 

In a superconductor, there is no resistance. That means resistance will not break information. Theoretically, information can travel in that mass memory until the temperature rises, and the resistance destroys information. The ability to change the state between resistance and superconducting makes it possible for this new material can form the gate. 

That allows information to travel through it. And when information traveled through that gate. The system closes it by turning another part of the wire back to resistance. That allows to creation switch that can control information that travels into the new types of nanotechnical microchips. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-discover-groundbreaking-superconductor-with-on-off-switches/

https://scitechdaily.com/micro-marvels-researchers-shrink-quantum-memory-for-mass-production/

https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/01/22/researchers-found-a-new-superconductor-with-an-on-off-switch/

Researchers can use information about the "diamond rain" on icy planets to form industrial diamonds,

  Researchers can use information about the "diamond rain" on icy planets to form industrial diamonds,

"The graphic shows the diamond rain inside the planet, which consists of diamonds sinking through the surrounding ice. Pressure and temperature continuously increase on the way deeper inside the planet. Even in extremely hot regions, the ice remains due to the extremely high pressure. Credit: European XFEL / Tobias Wüstefeld" (ScitechDaily.com, “Diamond Rain” on Icy Planets: Unlocking Magnetic Field Mysteries)

"A new study reveals that “diamond rain” on icy planets like Neptune and Uranus forms under less extreme conditions than previously believed. This phenomenon influences the planets’ internal dynamics and magnetic fields and could also occur on smaller exoplanets." (ScitechDaily.com/“Diamond Rain” on Icy Planets: Unlocking Magnetic Field Mysteries)

The diamond rain on icy planets can tell about the magnetic field. The researchers can use that information about the formation of diamond rain on Uranus and Neptune about the production of small-size diamonds, that are useful as antennas in nanotechnology and new types of optical microchips.  

The new information tells us that diamonds form because of the combination of pressure, gravity, and magnetic field. And that thing means it's possible. That researchers can form those conditions in the laboratory. The key element of diamond rain is that it forms in lower pressure or upper atmosphere than previously thought. 

"A new experiment suggests that this exotic precipitation forms at even lower pressures and temperatures than previously thought and could influence the unusual magnetic fields of Neptune and Uranus."  (ScitechDaily.com/“Diamond Rain” on Icy Planets: Unlocking Magnetic Field Mysteries)

It's possible. That researchers can copy conditions. That is on the layer where diamonds form in the laboratory chamber. If that thing is possible, the researchers can create a new way to make artificial diamonds. Previously that technology required high pressure and temperature. And that thing meant that the diamond production required high-pressure chambers.

But if "cold" technology is possible, that thing can make a new way to create industrial diamonds. Maybe the next-generation chamber for the artificial diamond is the "X-shape" wind tunnels where methane or ammonia gases flow crossing and then those molecule impacts will reduce carbon. And maybe those carbon atoms can start to collect carbon atoms from the gas flow. That involves hydrocarbon. 

It's also possible that the magnetic or laser systems can press methane or some other hydrocarbon atoms together. And then that thing removes hydrogen. Then the gas flow with those proto-diamonds starts to reduce carbon from other hydrocarbon molecules. That thing starts the growth of the carbon crystals. 

The nanocrystals can used as a stylus for scanning tunneling microscopes. The atom can hover between the layer and stylus, whose tip is the size of one carbon atom. That system can scan layers with extremely high accuracy. 

The form of those raining diamonds is interesting because they are suitable for nanotechnology. In nanotechnical antennas diamonds conduct electromagnetic radiation or pressure waves in photoacoustic systems. In photoacoustic systems, the laser rays make oscillations in the carbon atoms. And that oscillation is visible as the sound waves. That system can transmit data to the system, or it can move small particles on the layer. 

https://scitechdaily.com/diamond-rain-on-icy-planets-unlocking-magnetic-field-mysteries/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope

https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/researchers-can-use-information-about-the-diamond-rain-on-icy-planets-to-form-industrial-diamonds/

Black hole starships. And interstellar visions.

     Black hole starships. And interstellar visions.

The key to everything is energy.

When a fusion system tries to ignite fusion. That thing forms a situation when the ignition starts. The plasma in the quantum system will send energy and then energy that comes out from the plasma ring creates an energy impact that destroys the entirety. And that means the plasma structure will break.

The problems with the next-generation particle-physics tools are the same as researchers found on fusion tests. It's theoretically possible to press electrons into Higgs Boson using laser rays. The problem is that at a certain moment, the quantum field jumps out from the particle. And that thing forms the quantum ring. That quantum ring means a standing wave that is forming around a particle.

And then the problem is that the laser rays cannot push that quantum ring against the particle. So there is a WARP bubble in the middle of that ring. The reason for that is energy that travels away from that particle. This system requires so high power that it presses that quantum ring back to the particle.

Theoretically is possible to create artificial neutron stars or even black holes by using lasers. In those cases, the lasers will press or kick all particles like electrons into the protons. In that case, the laser ray turns the atom into a miniature neutron star. Because protons have opposite polarity to electrons that means protons pull electrons into the atom's core and impact course to protons.

If those laser rays inject enough energy into the atom that thing can form a situation, where all the particles in the atom melt into one. That thing can form the quantum field that jumps outer side. And then other quantum fields that fill the quantum vacuum can turn this thing into an artificial black hole.

This kind of black hole could be a powerful tool. It can position the quantum ring in the right position. That helps energy travel to the particle, and that kind of quantum ring that touches the particle can send it to a faster-than-speed flight.

The light cone. At the speed of light, the time stops. And when the speed crosses the speed of light that thing causes a situation where time starts to travel backwards. That is called reverse time dilation.

Information condenses to the observer that is in the present. The image below tells why crossing the speed of light is so hard. Even if the particle can travel at the same speed. That is almost the speed of light.

The outside quantum field that impacts a particle's quantum field pushes that quantum field away. That forms a situation where the quantum field separates from the particle. In that case, the particle is separated from the quantum field. There is a lower energy area behind the particle. And then that thing pushes the particle backward.

In some other models, the particle turns so small, that the quantum field forms a quantum ring around it. Because outside energy cannot reach the particle, the energy starts to travel out from it. And that is one reason why that particle cannot reach the speed of light.

When we think another Einstein's beautiful ideas the curvature of spacetime. We can see how gravity forms a cone around the gravity center. That curvature means that energy fields are thicker in that cone. And that gravity pothole pumps more energy into the particle than otherwise.

General relativity is the theory of gravitation in curved spacetime. The curvature of spacetime means that the energy fields condense near the gravitational center.

Tipler's cylinder. And the theory of relativity.

We can see that gravity affects rather space than material. The idea of the Tipler cylinder or Tipler's time machine is that the outer shell of the cylinder rotates with the speed of light. That thing allows the Tipler's cylinder to stop time in it. But how the Tipler cylinder can make it possible to travel faster than the speed of light? That thing makes it possible to return from the future.

The idea is that the Tipler cylinder would have multiple internal spaces. Each of those spaces or layers rotates at an extremely high speed. And because each layer travels as close to the speed of light as possible the internal points in that craft will travel faster than the speed of light is outside the Tipler cylinder.

Sometimes some researchers say that the centripetal force will destroy that cylinder. If there is a series of very small black holes in the cylinder, that kind of thing can make it possible for energy to flow into the cylinder, and massive gravity keeps the structure in one piece. The rotating structure can be ion flows.

That thing makes it possible to keep centripetal forces under control. The thing is, if space travelers want to travel to stars they don't expect nobody to wait for them. Those creatures can just make a Tipler cylinder that dilates time in it. And then that thing transports crew into the interstellar travel, which takes thousands of years if we look at that thing from outside.

The speed of light is relative.

The speed of light is connected with the environment. The gravity is like a river. When it pulls particles or other objects it moves the space around the particle. If we think that in the black hole, the escape velocity is two times of speed of light, we can ask what the speed of particles in that point. The relative speed of the object and environment is zero. So if we sit on a train that travels with the speed of light crossing that cosmic speed limit is easy.

We must just take a bicycle and or walk forward. If the speed of the train is precisely the speed of light, that movement ahead causes the thing, that we know as Eainstein's paradox. The speed of the mover that moves forward in our futuristic train has a speed of 5 km/h. That speed is relative to the speed of the train. But then the train allows the walker to move faster than the speed of light.

If we really can make that thing, we would face a thing called reverse time dilation. In the speed of light time stops. And if something crosses the speed of light, that thing causes a situation where time starts to travel in the opposite direction.

WARP-drive and reality.

WARP drive could be possible to make. The problem with regular systems is that a quantum field jumps out from a particle or object when it closes to the speed of light. That causes a situation. Where energy travels out from the particle, and the acceleration ends. There are four types of WARP drives. The thing is that if a WARP bubble forms around the object, and there is no internal energy source that thing rips material into the pieces.

1) The Magneto-dynamic WARP.

The antimatter system will accelerate spacecraft to a speed that is as close to the speed of light as possible. Then the magnetic system pulls ions and magnetic fields against the craft. In that case, the impact speed between particles and craft is higher than the speed of light.

2)The WARP bubble.

In this case, the WARP system can make electromagnetic bubbles around it. The system just ignites an antimatter explosion in the spherical chamber. And then that energy pushes other quantum fields out of the craft. The system's purpose is to turn the craft to a higher energy level than its environment. The system pushes energy out of the chamber. And that that thing can make the system able to travel faster than the speed of light.

3) Black hole-based WARP

In the craft is formed the black hole. The idea is that a black hole pulls the quantum fields against its shell. Then that energy makes it possible for the energy to travel always to the craft. The black hole can be in the rocket chamber, where it sends energy pikes to the front and back of the craft. That kind of system can make it possible to transport faster-than-light

4) Kugelblitz (Cosmic Snail) or ball-lightning.

The sci-fi spacecraft Millenium Falcon from Star Wars movies, and Enterprise from Star Trek would use this system. There is a particle accelerator around the craft. And then the antimatter system can accelerate those crafts to a speed that is as close to the speed of light as possible, and then those particle accelerators start to accelerate electrons around the craft.

https://scitechdaily.com/breaking-physics-the-radical-search-for-the-universes-missing-pieces/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_starship

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipler_cylinder

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_drive

https://setiandfermiparadox.wordpress.com/2024/01/20/black-hole-starships-and-interstellar-visions/

The new quantum material is 1000X heavier with electrons than usual.

 The new quantum material is 1000X heavier with electrons than usual. 

"Columbia University researchers have synthesized the first 2D heavy fermion material, CeSiI, a breakthrough in material science. This new material, easier to manipulate than traditional 3D heavy fermion compounds, opens up new possibilities in understanding quantum phenomena, including superconductivity. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily.com/Columbia Unveils Quantum Marvel: Material With Electrons 1000x Heavier)

What would you do with material that mass you can adjust? The new 2D material called CeSil (cerium, silicon, and iodine) is the material whose electrons turn 1000X heavier than usual. That means electron flow or electricity can adjust the weight of that material. 

That kind of material can make many things. It can used to make new types of anti-thief systems. When expensive merchandise is waiting for transportation the system can increase its weight. Another thing that this kind of material can make are the new types of space suits. The space suit's weight can adjust so that it's comfortable and safe on the moon and Earth. 

This type of material, like CeSil, also makes it possible. Astronauts can operate in artificial gravity created using rotating space stations. The problem with those "Von Braun wheels" is that the Earth's gravity requires an extremely fast rotating speed. And that causes stress for those structures. In the rotating wheel, the centripetal force is making the artificial gravity. The heavyweight suits can make astronauts feel comfortable also in weak gravity. 

The material that weighs the system can adjust making it possible that the astronauts can use suits that anchor them on the floor in weak gravity. That thing makes also weak gravity comfortable. And those astronauts can use this kind of technology to adjust their suit's weight in the different gravitational areas. 

On the moon, weak gravity makes working in lightweight suits dangerous. And on Earth, the lightweight suits are more comfortable than on the Moon. So maybe in the future, the system can adjust the weight of the suit by using electron flow. In the same way, the quantum system can adjust things like aircraft and ship's weight. 

The aircraft's body is formed of thin layers of titanium and aluminum. It's possible. That there are 2D material layers between those metal layers that are on top of each other like butter dough. Those 2D materials can adjust the weight of the aircraft's body and change its barycenter. The 2D materials like graphene can cover entire aircraft. 

And the material that adjusts its weight can be between metal layers. In the same way, that kind of ability can make it possible to create ships that have new abilities to adjust their balance and barycenter. 

And that gives them interesting abilities. The thing is that even if the material is 2D that can make it possible to create extremely large and elastic structures. In those structures, the 2D materials can be put on top of each other. There could be nano springs or fullerene sticks between those layers. 

And that "hamburger structure" can make it possible to create new types of structures. The 2D structures can also form the plate layer that is well-known from samurai armor. The small plates that are connected with elastic materials like kevlar can make a new way to create space suits and body armor. 

https://scitechdaily.com/columbia-unveils-quantum-marvel-material-with-electrons-1000x-heavier/

Generative AI can decode human memories and imagination.

 Generative AI can decode human memories and imagination. 

The breakthrough in generative AI use in mind-reading is now at least at the door. The generative AI can read memories and imagination. And that thing brings new research opportunities. Maybe quite soon. Researchers can see other people's memories and dreams from their screens. Complete knowledge of the systems is a requirement for control and benefit, and BCI (Brain-Computer Interface) is no exception. 

The ability to see what people dream gives new types of opportunities for the R&D process. The idea is that the BCI injects some model into the brain, and then the person will handle it while sleeping. This kind of new ability to decode human memories and imagination can make it possible to solve why we see dreams. And it can also open new lines for criminal investigation. 

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"UCL researchers used generative AI to model brain functions, uncovering how memories are formed, replayed, and used for imagination. The study emphasizes the reconstructive and predictive nature of memory, offering new perspectives on human cognition. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily,Decoding Human Memory and Imagination With Generative AI)

"Recent research discovers that our ability to distinguish similar memories improves over time due to the dynamic nature of engrams, brain cells involved in memory storage. This finding provides key insights into the treatment of memory disorders. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Unraveling Memory’s Molecular Mystery: How Brain Cells Stabilize Information Over Time)

"MIT researchers have identified unique electrical activity patterns in the brain’s cortical layers, consistent across different species. This discovery, showing faster oscillations in superficial layers and slower ones in deeper layers, provides insights into brain functioning and disorders. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Rhythms of the Mind: MIT Neuroscientists Reveal Universal Brain Wave Patterns)

"A recent study reveals that strong neural connections in the brain, crucial to its functionality, are likely formed by universal self-organizing principles, not species-specific mechanisms. This finding, based on advanced imaging and a Hebbian plasticity model, could reshape our understanding of brain structure in various species. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily.com, Brain Connectivity Breakthrough: Similar Neural Network Patterns Discovered Across Diverse Species)

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The process that brought this ability to read people's minds consists of AI solving the memory's molecular vortex. And that thing opened the road for the generative AI to decode the brain's imagination and memories. And that ability brings new types of things, that people can use in many operations. Solving the molecular mystery of how memory stores and selects information that brains store brings new abilities for researchers. 

If we think, that the brain's internal language is universal. That means we can read the minds of other species. In that model, we could decode the brain signals of another species by using the same methods as human mind-reading. The universal brainwave patterns tell that all people have a brain, that speaks the same language. But is it possible that also other species have the same kind of universal language, and could that universal language be the same with humans and other species? 

There is the possibility that all species have the same brain internal language. In all species, the brain has similar neural patterns. And if that thing means that the brain's internal language is always the same. That thing brings awesome possibilities for researchers. The BCI systems can help people communicate with each other silently using brain waves. 

Or at least people can simply move their lips and speak whisperly. Then the brainwave reader reads the EEG from the Wernicke-lobe. Then the receiver can transfer that data to the receiver's Broca lobe. The same system can used to control the BCI systems. The system decodes that EEG for a modified "speech to text" application. And then that application sends those texts for generative AI. Similar systems can also used to give orders for animals. 

https://scitechdaily.com/decoding-human-memory-and-imagination-with-generative-ai/ 

https://scitechdaily.com/unraveling-memorys-molecular-mystery-how-brain-cells-stabilize-information-over-time/

https://scitechdaily.com/brain-connectivity-breakthrough-similar-neural-network-patterns-discovered-across-diverse-species/

Graphene could be ideal for quantum bits.

   Graphene could be ideal for quantum bits. 

"In the BLG double quantum dot used in this work, electrons (the blue spheres) have both an intrinsic angular momentum (spin, given by the arrows through the spheres) and a pseudo-​spin (valley, given by the rings rotating in opposite directions). Credit: ETH Zurich/Chuyao Tong" (ScitechDaily, Redefining Quantum Bits: The Graphene Valley Breakthrough)

Graphene can form new types of quantum bits. There are two ways to use graphene as qubits. In the first model, the carbon atoms trap qubits into the electric field in the graphene structure. In some other models, the system puts electromagnetic fields around carbon atoms into superposition and entanglement. 

Graphene is a carbon atoms 2D network, and if the carbon atoms or their quantum fields can turn into the superposition that makes the new visions for the room-temperature quantum computers. Superposition means that particles oscillate with the same frequency. 

In regular quantum computers, qubits are stabilized at a very low temperature. But it's possible to make this stabilization by using high-pressure materials. Some materials can turn superconducting near zero Celsius and at reasonable pressure. The problem with those materials is that they are expensive. 

The graphene on microchips can turn into superconducting or stable conditions using two ways. 

1) The system can press that graphene by using lasers. 

2) Or by using acoustic systems. In the last ones, graphene is between carbonite crystal layers. The pressure system presses those layers together. 

"Scientists have innovated a compact semiconductor chip integrating electronics with photonics, drastically enhancing RF bandwidth and control. This breakthrough, pivotal for advanced telecommunications and radar systems, marks a significant step in semiconductor technology, boosting Australia’s potential in semiconductor research and manufacturing (Artist’s concept). Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Revolutionary “LEGO-Like” Photonic Chip Paves Way for Semiconductor Breakthroughs) 

This type of microchip can act as a tool. That transforms traditional bits into qubits. The system can involve a graphene layer. That the lasers or acoustic pressure systems transform into qubits. 

The problem is that the material turns superconducting in a very high pressure. The 2D graphene can turn into superconducting by pressing its lasers. The 2D structure will not break in the high pressure that comes from both sides of that structure. And that system makes it possible to create microchips. 

There is a graphene layer on them. Then the computer system just presses that graphene layer with pressure. That is created by using lasers or acoustic systems. In acoustic systems, the monotonic sound presses the gas flow that travels over carbonite chrystal. Then that chrystal presses the graphene. 

The superconducting condition makes it possible that the system can control the qubits, and information that flows in it. The problem with qubits is that they are sensitive to oscillation. Oscillation is the thing that causes problems with quantum entanglement. 

In quantum computers, information is stored in qubits. The qubit is a particle and information is on it as layers. Then the system transports information between point A to the point by putting two particles into the superposition and entanglement. Then the entanglement. That is the power field that connects those two superpositioned particles starts to transport information. 

The entanglement is like a strap between particles. And those particles are like gear wheels. So the superpositioned and entangled particles are like gear. The superposition means that the particles oscillate with the same frequency. 

The reason, why those particles must be in superposition is that the entanglement or strap that transports information jumps off those particles if they oscillate with different frequencies. So that's why those particles are frozen near zero Kelvin degrees. 

But there is another way to make stable conditions. It's possible. That lasers can push the particles from different directions. And that thing stabilizes qubit. Graphene is the most promising thing for that purpose because it's a 2D material. 

https://scitechdaily.com/revolutionary-lego-like-photonic-chip-paves-way-for-semiconductor-breakthroughs/

https://scitechdaily.com/redefining-quantum-bits-the-graphene-valley-breakthrough/

The new findings from the JWST telescope suggests us that life could begin earlier than previously thought.

The new findings from the JWST telescope suggests us that life could begin earlier than previously thought. 

"Recent findings from the James Webb Space Telescope reveal that oxygen was abundant in the early Universe, suggesting that life’s essential elements were present much earlier than previously thought." (ScitechDaily,New Findings From the James Webb Telescope Suggests That Life Could Have Existed Much Earlier Than Previously Thought)

The life in the universe as we know it requires oxygen. Oxygen production is a vital element for life. And the thing that oxygen production on the micro level. The term micro-level means planetary scale in this text. 

That there is oxygen in the universe. Only two elements existed in the young universe, hydrogen and later helium. First stars formed from pure hydrogen, and helium formed in their nuclear reactions. Then later stars formed heavier elements iron, phosphorus, and oxygen. For lifeforms, oxygen is vital, as I wrote before. 

Oxygen is quite a common element in the universe. Water and many other compounds involve oxygen. Water is another vital thing for life. But there is needed oxygen in the universe that can form water. As we know, oxygen is a chemical compound of oxygen and hydrogen. 

The shockwaves from supernovas can form water in interplanetary nebulas when they drive water and hydrogen atoms together. 

Researchers are trying to find out the source of water on Earth. Two possibilities can explain water. The first one was that there was lots of hydrogen in young Earth's atmosphere. Then some kind of chemical or physical reaction caused great flame that formed water in Earth's atmosphere. 

Or water comes from some other place in the universe. In some models, the supernova explosions can form water in molecular clouds. When a shockwave from a supernova explosion hits interplanetary nebulas, it can push oxygen and hydrogen atoms together, forming enormous water mass. 

"JWST infrared images of 6 galaxies from 500-700 million years after the birth of the Universe. All 6 have low oxygen abundances compared to modern galaxies. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, K. Nakajima et al." (ScitechDaily,New Findings From the James Webb Telescope Suggests That Life Could Have Existed Much Earlier Than Previously Thought)

Short-period lifeforms can form on red giant's planets. 

It's possible, that some primitive lifeforms can form on red giant's planets before the star detonates as a supernova or nova. When a star expands it changes far, before icy planets to habitable. That is a very short period for those planets. The Nova explosion will destroy those planets quite soon. 

And that means, that those lifeforms are short-term, and they will not reach even the eucaryotic state. The red giant detonates as nova or supernova quite soon. And that detonation destroys those planets immediately. 

Also, destroyed water planets can send ice asteroids around the universe. When a water planet's sun detonates as a nova or supernova, that eruption can send water around the universe. That blast destroys the entire planet in a couple of seconds. And maybe some of those asteroids arrive in the young solar systems. It's possible. That some primitive bacteria can survive in those freezing water ice bites. 

This model goes like this. All stars, including red giants, have a life circle. When a star starts to grow into a red giant, it pushes a life circle where liquid water is possible farther. That means the previously icy worlds can turn habitable. 

The red giant is a very short-term star. And there is no time for advanced lifeforms can form. But on those planets might have a time when primitive lifeforms like prokaryotes can form. The red giant will destroy those planets quite soon. But it's possible. That those very primitive bacteria or amino acids can travel to another solar system. 

https://scitechdaily.com/new-findings-from-the-james-webb-telescope-suggests-that-life-could-have-existed-much-earlier-than-previously-thought/

Nanorobots removed 90% of cancer tumors from mice's body.

  Nanorobots removed 90% of cancer tumors from mice's body. 

"A recent study reveals a novel treatment for bladder cancer using urea-powered nanorobots, which have successfully reduced tumor size in mice by 90%. This innovative approach promises to make treatment more efficient and less burdensome for patients. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily,Fantastic Voyage: Cancer Tumors Reduced by 90% Using Nanorobots)

Nanotechnology, and especially nanorobots are the next-generation tools for making new surgical instruments. Doctors can detect tumors using PT scanners. And then they can inject AI-controlled nanomachines into the body. The biggest challenge in the nanotechnology and nanomachines that should replace traditional medicines is how they find their targets. 

If nanomachines start to destroy the wrong tissue, the situation is dangerous. The method of how nanomachine affects to cell is mechanical or radiological. The nanomachine can cut the cell's shell open using nano-size saws. Or the nanomachine can use a laser or some acoustic system to destroy cell organelles or the mitochondria. But first, the nanomachine must find the right cells. That it can remove them. 

"Transmission electron microscopy image of the nanorobots. Credit: Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)" (ScitechDaily,Fantastic Voyage: Cancer Tumors Reduced by 90% Using Nanorobots)

Nanorobots are like any other drone swarm. But they can operate in the body. The nanorobots are tools that can remove tumors and destroy bacteria. In some visions, nanorobots can take immune cell missions. If there are no natural immune cells in the human body. The problem with nanomachines is their electric source. And nanorobots that removed 90% of tumors from living mice. 

Nanorobots are multipurpose tools. Those small machines can open blood veins, and remove poisons like carbon dioxide from the blood. The nanorobots can remove toxic waste from water by simply pumping water through carbon filters. Or they can use ultraviolet laser LED radiation to destroy bacteria. The nanomachines are rising stars in the most modern technology. The nanomachines are like all other robots. 

But the big difference is that those nanorobots are far smaller. The same nanorobot can make many things, but it requires very high accuracy. Theoretically is possible to make the nanomachines. That can clean engines or water supply. And remove non-wanted cells from the human body, and open blood veins. 

Nanomachines can also offer the possibility to make the most terrifying weapons in history. The same nanomachines that remove cancer can slip into the human body. And then those systems can destroy the entire body. That's why those systems are the most military-intensive technology in history.

https://scitechdaily.com/fantastic-voyage-cancer-tumors-reduced-by-90-using-nanorobots/

IMBH (Intermediate black hole)

 IMBH (Intermediate black hole)

"Researchers are exploring the elusive intermediate-mass black holes, theorized to bridge stellar and supermassive black holes. Simulations suggest formation pathways in dense star clusters, but their exact role in the universe remains uncertain. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Galactic Shadows: The Elusive Trail of Intermediate Black Holes)

IMBH (Intermediate black hole). IMBH black hole is smaller than a supermassive black hole. But larger than a stellar black hole. 

Intermediate black holes are black holes with a mass smaller than supermassive black holes, but higher than stellar black holes. The IMBHs (Intermediate Black Holes) are the "gates" between the supermassive- and stellar black holes. I recently wrote that there are three types of black holes. 

1) Supermassive black holes.

2) Stellar black holes.

3) Quantum black holes.

I should mention the IMBHs. The classification where there are three types of back holes means that the term "supermassive black holes" means all black holes that are more massive than stellar black holes. So  IMBH is the smaller supermassive black hole. And if we use the classification of four types of black holes. That classification looks like this. 

1) Supermassive black holes. 

2) IMBH (Intermediate Black holes). Those are "lightweight supermassive black holes". That means they are lighter than Sagittarius A but more massive than stellar black holes. 

3) Stellar black holes like Cygnus X-1. 

4) Quantum black holes. 

There is a possibility that supermassive black holes form when the interstellar nebula collapses. And maybe the collapse of the interplanetary- or smaller nebula forms the IMBH. It's possible that IMBH forms when some star cluster or group of stars collide. But there is possibility. That also interplanetary nebula's collapse forms IMBH. As you see from below. 

"This diagram illustrates a mechanism turning massive cluster stars (1-5) into an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) within about 6 million years. The sequence begins with three normal stars, two forming a binary orbiting each other (1a, 1b, 2). After a while, this stellar triple undergoes a merging event, leaving only two stars (1a, 3), which again capture a massive cluster star (4). Finally, two stars merge (1a, 3) to produce a so-called very massive star (VMS) exhibiting more than 300 solar masses. At that stage, the VMS can grow further by drawing material from its companion (4). The VMS is now massive enough to evolve into an IMBH. It continues to grow by capturing additional stars (5), eventually leading to an IMBH of 350 solar masses. Credit: © M. Arca Sedda et al. / MPIA" (ScitechDaily, Galactic Shadows: The Elusive Trail of Intermediate Black Holes)

Substellar or planetary black holes. 

Theoretically is possible that if the energy level in the molecular nebula around some red dwarf or planet rises to a high enough level. That molecular cloud can press a planet or red dwarf into a black hole. 

Maybe. Some substellar black holes form when some red dwarf travels through GRB or FRB. In that case. Is possible, that the temperature of the molecular cloud is around the red dwarf or planet. If that object is in the right position in the molecular cloud, that energy can press that object into the black hole. 

Of course, the rise of energy level in the molecular nebula increases the energy level in the red dwarf. And increase its energy production. It's possible, that the nebula's energy state turns higher than the red dwarf's energy. In that model, the ultra-hot molecular nebula could press that red or brown dwarf or planet into the black hole. 

That fascinating model means that also "substellar" or "planet mass" black holes are possible. Those object's size is not big. And there is hypothetically possible, that there is a grapefruit- or ping-pong-ball-size black hole even in our system. 

https://scitechdaily.com/galactic-shadows-the-elusive-trail-of-intermediate-black-holes/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-mass_black_hole

All black holes are not similar.

 All black holes are not similar. 

Which ones came first: stars or black holes? That is one of the key questions in cosmology. Black holes are the most massive and dominating objects in the universe. There is the possibility that some of those black holes could form before the universe. 

Material can form black holes. But before we will go to think why black holes form we must realize that there are different types of black holes. Two of those black holes are confirmed, but nobody has seen the third type yet. 

1) Supermassive black holes

2) Stellar mass black holes

3) Quantum-size black holes. 

The gas cloud that collapses can be too heavy. And that thing can form a black hole or neutron star or even a white dwarf. If a collapsing nebula is too heavy the star's nuclear reactions cannot start because massive gravity turns material into a black hole or neutrons. That thing causes situations in which fusion cannot start. 

It's possible. That supermassive black holes are not forming like stellar mass black holes. The interstellar nebula may collapse because of its internal gravity interaction. In that case, the weight of the collapsing gas nebula is so high, that the star that should ignite its fusion reactions collapses into black holes. That causes another question: could those too-heavy nebulas form things like neutron stars and white dwarfs? 

So when collapsing stars are forming stellar-mass black holes. Quantum black holes are particles that turn so heavy, that they turn into black holes. Electromagnetic radiation like GRBs may turn electrons and other particles in its route into the black hole. Is possible to turn electrons into quantum-size black holes by stressing them with laser rays. Those quantum-size black holes can turn into superposition and entanglement. They offer one possibility to create static quantum entanglement. 

Wave-particle duality means that a black hole can form straight from wave movement. Or wave-particle duality forms the particle cloud that collapses forming a black hole. 

Wave-particle duality means that wave movement can transform into particles. And particles can transform into wave movement. So that means the wave-particle duality can make the black hole straight from wave movement. When two quantum fields impact each other they form particles. Those particles can form particle clouds that can collapse and form black holes. 

But then to the hypothesis that there were black holes before the universe was born in the Big Bang. The wave-particle duality can explain that thing. The radiation or wave movement has mass like all other particles except photons. 

The thing is that the spin of a photon is -1 or +1. That can make it possible for photons can just flow in their quantum field. And because there is energy stability in that particle where the photon gets the same energy mass as it delivers. It's hard to measure the photon's mass.

Wave-particle duality means that wave movement can turn to particles. And in some versions, the impacting quantum fields in the young universe formed black holes. When those wave movements or radiation impulses hit each other, they form a particle group. Then the internal gravity collapses that form. That thing can form a black hole straight from radiation. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality